“…For example, Ali P et al (2023) [10] incorporated the vehicle path problem into the optimization model of a closed-loop supply chain network, considered factors such as product demand, recycling volume, transportation cost, and environmental impacts, and developed a mixed-integer linear programming model to minimize the total cost of the closed-loop supply chain network and proposed an effective solution algorithm; Mehrnaz B et al [11] designed a new closedloop supply chain network with a location-allocation and routing model that considers simultaneous recycling and distribution and optimizes under uncertainty. The model involves problems in transportation scheduling, such as how to determine appropriate location, allocation, and routing schemes according to the recycling and distribution demands in different regions and time periods, so as to optimize the transportation cost, transportation time, transportation distance, and other metrics; Hao G et al [12] proposed a hybrid differential evolutionary algorithm for solving the location-inventory problem in a closed-loop supply chain with product recycling. The problem involves transportation scheduling aspects, such as how to determine the appropriate location, inventory level, and transportation resource allocation scheme according to the recycling and distribution demand in different regions and time periods, so as to optimize the transportation cost, transportation time, transportation distance, and other metrics.…”