A hybrid kriging/land-use regression model with Asian culture-specific sources to assess NO2 spatial-temporal variations

Alveolar Epithelial Inter-alpha-trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 4 Deficiency Associated With Senescence-regulated Apoptosis by Particulate Air Pollution

“…Exposure to PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and O 3 was estimated using a hybrid kriging-land-use regression (LUR) approach as described in previous reports [18][19][20]. Brie y, in situ observations of PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and O 3 were collected from Taiwan EPA air quality monitoring stations (https://airtw.epa.gov.tw/ENG/default.aspx).…”

Development and intercity transferability of land-use regression models for predicting ambient PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations in northern Taiwan

“…The model construction started by including the predictor variable with the highest adjusted explained variance (R 2 ). The remaining predictor variables were entered into the model if they met all of the following criteria: 1) the gain of the adjusted R 2 was no less than 1%; 2) the direction of effect of the predictor variable was predefined; 3) variables were added into the model when the probability of F was less than 0.05 and removed when the probability of F was greater than 0.10; 4) variables already included in the model retained the same direction of effect; and 5) following previous studies (Chen et al, 2020;Marcon et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2014), the predictor variables with variance inflation factor (VIF) values larger than 3 were dropped to make a tradeoff between model interpretation and the predictive accuracy (Eeftens et al, 2016). Multiple buffer sizes of a specific variable (e.g., the length of local roads) could be selected in the final model as long as they followed the selection criteria (Henderson et al, 2007).…”

“…First, apart from the variables used in this study, more predictor variables (e.g., localized emission data and urban building morphology data) should be included and tested to develop LUR models. For example, Wu et al (2017) and Chen et al (2020) assessed the roles of two culturally specific emission sources, Chinese restaurants and temples, on the development of ambient PM2.5 and NO2 LUR models in Taiwan. More studies should be conducted to test the influence of different potential predictor variables on the development of LUR models (Hoek et al, 2008).…”

“…(an R 2 value of 0.75 and an LOOCV R 2 value of 0.62), Lee et al (2015) (an R 2 value of 0.95 and an LOOCV R 2 value of 0.91), and Wu et al (2017) (an R 2 value of 0.90 and an LOOCV R 2 value of 0.83), but higher than that ofWu et al (2018) with an R 2 value of 0.66. The NO2 LUR model performed better than that ofLee et al (2014) and was comparable to that ofChen et al (2020) Hsu et al (2019). developed an O3 LUR model for the whole of Taiwan region, with…”

“…As shown in Fig. 1(c), the 9 main land-use categories are agriculture, forest, transportation, water bodies, built-up areas, public utilities, recreation, mining or salt production, and others (Chen et al, 2020). The road network from the Taiwan Ministry of Transportation and…”