“…They include genetic algorithm (GA) ( Zhou et al, 2021 ), simulated annealing (SA) ( Kirkpatrick, Gelatt & Vecchi, 1983 ), particle swarm optimization (PSO) ( Chen & Lin, 2009 ), differential evolution (DE) ( Mohamed, Hadi & Jambi, 2019 ), Shuffled Frog Leaping algorithm (SFLA) ( Houssein et al, 2021 ), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) ( Altay & Varol Altay, 2023 ), biogeography-based optimization (BBO) ( Simon, 2008 ), Cuckoo Search (CS) ( Gandomi, Yang & Alavi, 2013 ), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) ( Mirjalili, Mirjalili & Lewis, 2014 ), etc . MAs are applied in many fields, such as feature selection ( Ghasemi et al, 2023b ), economic dispatch ( Ayedi, 2023 ) due to their simple structure, easy application, and no derivative information on OPs. However, more and more OPs need solving urgently as modern society evolves and the OPs are more and more complex ( Liu et al, 2021 ; Ghasemi et al, 2023c ).…”