In porous media, the surface of the solid grains (e.g., silicate minerals) is typically negatively charged due to fluid-mineral interactions (Glover & Jackson, 2010;Hunter, 1981;Revil et al., 2015). Considering the electrical double layer (EDL) model at the microscopic scale (1-10 nm) (Figure 1a), a portion of the counterions (cations for negatively charged mineral surfaces) coats the interface between the mineral surface and pore fluid forming the Stern layer while the remaining excess charges are distributed in the diffuse Gouy-Chapman layer (Glover & Jackson, 2010;Revil & Jardani, 2013). There is a shear plane in the diffuse Gouy-Chapman layer, beyond which