A
            <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>
            type III effector suppresses cell wall-based extracellular defense in susceptible
            <i>Arabidopsis</i>
            plants

Hauck, Paula M.; Thilmony, Roger; He, Sheng Yang

doi:10.1073/pnas.1431173100

Cited by 479 publications

(431 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…As a result of this analysis, we discovered 77 candidate genes including 11 transcription factors and 8 receptorlike kinases as examples (Table VII; see Supplemental Table XVII). Of these, 2 glycosyl-hydrolases (At3g13790, At3g54420) might be involved in cell wall synthesis, which is in agreement with recent report suggesting that P. syringae type III effectors might suppress cell wall based plant defense 12 hpi with virulent Pst DC3000 (Hauck et al, 2003).…”

Section: Clustering Analysis Of Flare Genes In Arabidopsis Suspensionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis

et al. 2004

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Animals and plants carry recognition systems to sense bacterial flagellin. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis involves FLS2, a Leu-rich-repeat receptor kinase. We surveyed the early transcriptional response of Arabidopsis cell cultures and seedlings within 60 min of treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of flagellin. Using Affymetrix microarrays, approximately 3.0% of 8,200 genes displayed transcript level changes in flg22 elicited suspension cultures and seedlings. FLARE (Flagellin Rapidly Elicited) genes mostly encode signaling components, such as transcription factors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and proteins that regulate protein turnover. Approximately 80% of flg22-induced genes were also upregulated in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with cycloheximide. This suggests that many FLARE genes are negatively regulated by rapidly turned-over repressor proteins. Twenty-one tobacco Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited (ACRE) cDNA full-length sequences were used to search for their Arabidopsis orthologs (AtACRE). We identified either single or multiple putative orthologs for 17 ACRE genes. For 13 of these ACRE genes, at least one Arabidopsis ortholog was induced in flg22-elicited Arabidopsis suspension cells and seedlings. This result revealed a substantial overlap between the Arabidopsis flg22 response and the tobacco Avr9 race-specific defense response. We also compared FLARE gene sets and genes induced in basal or gene-for-gene interactions upon different Pseudomonas syringae treatments, and infer that Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato represses the flagellin-initiated defense response.

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Section: Clustering Analysis Of Flare Genes In Arabidopsis Suspensionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis

et al. 2004

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“…The significantly enhanced growth of both virulent (Pst and Psm) and nonpathogenic (hrcC) P. syringae strains on cds2-1D in comparison to wild-type Col-0 indicates an ABA effect on suppression of the nonspecific basal resistance against bacterial infection, which is consistent with the observation that suppression of Pst growth by treatment with bacterial MAMP (flg22 peptide) was attenuated in the cds2-D mutant. Previous studies showed that treatment of Arabidopsis plants with flg22 peptide or the nonpathogenic hrcC strain of Pst may lead to callose-associated cell wall modification (Gó mez-Gó mez et al, 1999; Hauck et al, 2003), and this extracellular defense response is suppressed by wild-type pathogenic bacteria or overexpression in planta of bacterial TTSS effectors (Hauck et al, 2003;Kim et al, 2005). Recent data showed that wild-type Pst enhances callose deposition in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in ABA biosynthesis or signaling, and exogenous ABA suppresses flg22 peptide induced callose deposition in wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings (de Torres-Zabala et al, 2007Clay et al, 2009), indicating a negative role of ABA in activation of callose deposition.…”

Section: Aba Modulation Of Plant Disease Resistance Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscisic Acid Has a Key Role in Modulating Diverse Plant-Pathogen Interactions

et al. 2009

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We isolated an activation-tagged Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) line, constitutive disease susceptibility2-1D (cds2-1D), that showed enhanced bacterial growth when challenged with various Pseudomonas syringae strains. Systemic acquired resistance and systemic PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 induction were also compromised in cds2-1D. The T-DNA insertion adjacent to NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE5 (NCED5), one of six genes encoding the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic enzyme NCED, caused a massive increase in transcript level and enhanced ABA levels .2-fold. Overexpression of NCED genes recreated the enhanced disease susceptibility phenotype. NCED2, NCED3, and NCED5 were induced, and ABA accumulated strongly following compatible P. syringae infection. The ABA biosynthetic mutant aba3-1 showed reduced susceptibility to virulent P. syringae, and ABA, whether through exogenous application or endogenous accumulation in response to mild water stress, resulted in increased bacterial growth following challenge with virulent P. syringae, indicating that ABA suppresses resistance to P. syringae. Likewise ABA accumulation also compromised resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis, whereas resistance to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola was enhanced in cds2-1D plants and compromised in aba3-1 plants, indicating that ABA promotes resistance to this necrotroph. Comparison of the accumulation of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in the wild type, cds2-1D, and aba3-1 plants challenged with P. syringae showed that ABA promotes jasmonic acid accumulation and exhibits a complex antagonistic relationship with salicylic acid. Our findings provide genetic evidence that the abiotic stress signal ABA also has profound roles in modulating diverse plantpathogen interactions mediated at least in part by cross talk with the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid biotic stress signal pathways.

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“…Although little is known about whether components of gene-for-gene-based resistance also are used during basal resistance, a correlation has been found between extracellular defense mechanisms and basal resistance (11). Using the hrpA Ϫ mutant of P. syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) deficient in the type III secretion system to assay basal defense, we found that TRV:132 plants (Fig.…”

Section: Nbsyp132 Contributes To Basal and Sa-associated Defense Agaimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AvrPto, an effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae, suppresses cell wall-based defenses arising during infection including callose deposition and accumulation of putatively secreted proteins, and the decrease in extracellular defenses correlated with a loss of suppression of bacterial growth (11). Transcripts encoding many components of the plant's secretion machinery were also found to increase during systemic acquired resistance, and plants with mutations in many of these general components of secretion allowed increased bacterial growth (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The syntaxin SYP132 contributes to plant resistance against bacteria and secretion of pathogenesis-related protein 1

Kalde

Nühse

Findlay

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

187

173

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In contrast to many mammalian pathogens, potential bacterial pathogens of plants remain outside the host cell. The plant must, therefore, promote an active resistance mechanism to combat the extracellular infection. How this resistance against bacteria is manifested and whether similar processes mediate basal, genefor-gene, and salicylate-associated defense, however, are poorly understood. Here, we identify a specific plasma membrane syntaxin, NbSYP132, as a component contributing to gene-for-gene resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing NbSYP132 but not NbSYP121, the apparent orthologue of a syntaxin required for resistance to powdery mildew fungus, compromised AvrPto-Pto resistance. Because syntaxins may play a role in secretion of proteins to the extracellular space, we performed a limited proteomic analysis of the apoplastic fluid. We found that NbSYP132-silenced plants were impaired in the accumulation of at least a subset of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in the cell wall. These results were confirmed by both immunoblot analysis and imunolocalization of a PR protein, PR1a. These results implicate NbSYP132 as the cognate target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor for exocytosis of vesicles containing antimicrobial PR proteins. NbSYP132 also contributes to basal and salicylate-associated defense, indicating that SYP132-dependent secretion is a component of multiple forms of defense against bacterial pathogens in plants.bacterial defense ͉ defense response ͉ Nicotiana benthamiana

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A Pseudomonas syringae type III effector suppresses cell wall-based extracellular defense in susceptible Arabidopsis plants

Cited by 479 publications

References 70 publications

The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis

The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis

Abscisic Acid Has a Key Role in Modulating Diverse Plant-Pathogen Interactions

The syntaxin SYP132 contributes to plant resistance against bacteria and secretion of pathogenesis-related protein 1

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