A Integrated Power Flow Algorithm for Radial Distribution System with DGs Based on Voltage Regulating

An Improved Newton Load Flow for Distributed Generation Based on Different Control Strategies

“…In spite of its various realization, roughly, the core idea of MPPT is to 1) sense the operation voltage V by the hardware in every sample step 2) Calculate ΔV according to some special algorithms [7] 3) Update the operation voltage and return it to the solar array. In this way, the current of PCC (Point of Common Coupling) is maintained near constant, which means the photovoltaic generation can be modeled as a currentconstant type node in load flow calculation, which is called by some scholars as PI node [3]. In this paper, the PI bus model is adopted in later section for load flow calculation.…”

“…3: Based on the circuit, the Q-V relationship is in (1). The meaning of the parameters in formulas can be found in [3]:…”

Modeling challenges and potential solutions for integration of emerging DERs in DMS applications: power flow and short-circuit analysis

“…However, when IBDERs and DFIMs are considered, the bus types need to be further expanded, as with the aforementioned types, their control strategies are only partially covered [18][19][20][21][22][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101]. IBDERs and DFIMs are connected to the system via voltage sourced converter (VSC).…”

“…Detailed control strategies for IBDERs and DFIMs are examined in literature, and it is concluded that besides control strategies that can be integrated in the traditional AC machines, IBDERs and DFIMs can employ the following five additional and important control strategies [18][19][20][21][22][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]: À control of three-phase real and reactive power providing symmetrical positive sequence voltages;`control of three-phase real power and positive sequence voltage magnitude providing symmetrical (positive sequence) voltages;´control of three-phase real and reactive power with additional control of negative sequence current;ˆcontrol of three-phase real power and positive sequence voltage magnitude with additional control of negative sequence current; andc ontrol of three phase real power and positive sequence current magnitude. These advanced control strategies sense positive sequence voltage and current components at the PCCs of IBDERs and DFIMs, and then provide special VSC switching processes [91].…”

“…To overcome this issue, two new bus types are introduced in [ The possibility to control the real power and current in symmetrical states is one more important control strategy of electronically coupled DERs. For this situation, the single-phase bus type PI is introduced in [100,116,117]. This provides an indirect control of reactive power support of the grid.…”