A Journey Through Energy Systems Integration: Trending Grid Codes, Standards, and IEC Collaboration

MacDowell, Jason; Wang, Yingying; Quint, Ryan; Chi, Yongning; Ernst, Bernie; Saylors, S.; Jacobson, David; Andresen, Björn; Sørensen, Poul Ejnar; Portales, Raphael; Brake, Dan; Zavadil, Bob; Robinson, Lawrence Baylor

doi:10.1109/mpe.2019.2933282

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Generally, voltage and frequency stabilities are the main concerns mentioned by the grid codes related to the increased penetration of IBGs in the grid [8]. These concerns further lead to specific requirement definitions for over‐ and under‐voltage regulations, frequency regulations, active and reactive power control, and power quality [4, 8, 86, 117, 118].…”

Section: Status Of Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, grid codes have been updated for power systems with a high penetration of PE-based generation to ensure that the system is reliable and well-protected for different system conditions [4][5][6][7]. For instance, the most recent wind powerrelated grid codes are discussed in [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional requirements are requested by grid codes for PE-based energy sources, such as being able to ride through faults and also contribute with reactive power in a fault condition, contribute to the system's inertial response, and being able to form a reliable voltage source [2,9,10]. Many research groups and individuals have studied the technical challenges of power-electronic-dominated power systems during the last decade, and it is still an ongoing topic both for the industry and academia [2,4,5,9,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An overview of stability challenges for power‐electronic‐dominated power systems: The grid‐forming approach

Shakerighadi

Johansson

Eriksson

et al. 2022

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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Inverter-based generators (IBGs) are becoming popular in modern power systems. When the penetration of IBGs is increasing in power systems, new stability, protection, and monitoring challenges are introduced in the grid. Grid-forming (GFM) control of converters is seen as a promising solution for future power grids to overcome particular stability challenges. Here, the technical challenges of the GFM-based IBGs are reviewed from the point of view of TSOs and academic research. The properties of different GFM methods are studied for different GFM-based IBGs for a single grid-tied IBG and using the IEEE 9-bus test system. Simulation results are provided by using the PSCAD-EMT simulation software.

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Section: Status Of Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An overview of stability challenges for power‐electronic‐dominated power systems: The grid‐forming approach

Shakerighadi

Johansson

Eriksson

et al. 2022

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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“…POWER systems frequency must be within a safe range in order to preserve the balance between generation and demand [1]. In the recent decades, converter‐interfaced generations (CIGs), such as virtual synchronous variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs), have been rapidly integrated into power systems [2]. Capacity of the CIGs may be more than 50% of the system demand in the near future [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical system frequency response model with virtual synchronous wind turbines

Malekpour

Kiyoumarsi

Gholipour

2021

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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The present paper devises a second-order system frequency response (SFR) model for power systems integrating virtual synchronous variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs). The inertial response model of full converter VSWTs, in which grid-side converters are controlled using a virtual synchronous generator concept, is developed. The derived model is incorporated into the traditional SFR model deployed to estimate the frequency behaviour of the synchronous generators following infeed loss contingencies. The proposed SFR model formulates interaction between the VSWTs rotor speed reduction and the system frequency drop. The system loads inertia is also included in the SFR model. Additionally, an analytical approach to derive the suggested SFR model for the large power system including VSWTs with different capacities and operating points is presented. Solving the proposed model gives the analytical functions for estimating deviations in the system frequency as well as VSWTs rotor speed variations. Finally, the accuracy of the devised SFR model is verified through the time-domain simulations of a modified IEEE 39-bus system. Particularly, impact of the VSWTs virtual inertia on the efficiency of the proposed SFR model is studied.

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“…These frequency and voltage issues may cause the wave energy farm to not be compliant with the grid codes of the transmission system operators (TSOs) and, hence, make wave energy farms not suitable for being included in the electricity generation mix of a country [8]. In [12,13] an introduction about the study on grid compliance and standardization of renewable generation and other energy systems connected to the power grid is provided. In [13][14][15][16][17] the grid codes of different countries (European and non-European) and the corresponding projects about renewable power are compared and summarized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant

et al. 2021

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The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for dimensioning an energy storage system (ESS) to the generation data measured in an operating wave energy generation plant connected to the electric grid in the north of Spain. The selection criterion for the ESS is the compliance of the power injected into the grid with a specific active-power ramp-rate limit. Due to its electrical characteristics, supercapacitor (SC) technology is especially suitable for this application. The ESS dimensioning methodology is based on a mathematical model, which takes into account the power generation system, the chosen ramp-rate limit, the ESS efficiency maps and electrical characteristics. It allows one to evaluate the number of storage cabinets required to satisfy the needs described, considering a compromise between the number of units, which means cost, and the reliability of the storage system to ensure the grid codes compliance. Power and energy parameters for the ESS are obtained from the calculations and some tips regarding the most efficient operation of the SC cabinets, based on a stepped switching strategy, are also given. Finally, some conclusions about the technology selection will be updated after the detailed analysis accomplished.

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A Journey Through Energy Systems Integration: Trending Grid Codes, Standards, and IEC Collaboration

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

An overview of stability challenges for power‐electronic‐dominated power systems: The grid‐forming approach

An overview of stability challenges for power‐electronic‐dominated power systems: The grid‐forming approach

Analytical system frequency response model with virtual synchronous wind turbines

Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant

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