“…Various feature extraction methods for the purpose of HSI classification have been proposed in the literature, including unsupervised methods (Hotelling 1933;Chang et al 1999;Wang and Chang 2006;Kaewpijit, Le-Moigne, and El-Ghazawi 2003;Tenenbaum, de Silva, and Langford 2000;Roweis and Saul 2000;Belkin and Niyogi 2001;Zhang and Zha 2005;He et al 2005;He and Niyogi 2004;Zhang et al 2007;Qiao, Chen, and Tan 2010), semisupervised (Cai, He, and Han 2007;Chen and Zhang 2011;Sugiyama et al 2010;Liao et al 2013;Shao and Zhang 2014), and supervised methods (Bandos, Bruzzone, and Camps-Valls. 2009;Li and Qian 2011;Kuo and Landgrebe 2004;Kuo et al 2014;Yang et al 2014;Zhong, Lin, and Zhang 2014;Tuia et al 2014;Tao et al 2013;Sugiyama 2007;Chen et al 2014;Chen, Zhao, and Jia 2015;Sun et al 2014;Castrodad et al 2011). …”