A Laacher See-eruption supplement to Tephrabase: Investigating distal tephra fallout dynamics

Riede, Felix; Bazely, Oliver; Newton, Anthony; Lane, Christine S.

doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.029

Cited by 56 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In addition, there is increasing potential for understanding distal dynamics using cryptotephra (e.g. Reide et al 2011). The challenge is to find methods to utilize data from distal deposits, specifically their grain size and thickness, to determine key characteristics about exceptionally large explosive eruptions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics of tephra layers in the deep sea realm: the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption

Engwell

Sparks

Carey

2014

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Tephra deposits in the deep sea can survive undisturbed for long periods of time and, on regional scales, tend to be much better preserved than their subaerial counterparts. In this study, grain size distributions and thicknesses of tephra deposits from the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption (39 000 yr BP; magnitude c. 7.7) preserved in thirty-three deep sea cores are analysed to infer key eruption parameters. Distal deep sea tephra thickness data show an exponential decrease with distance from source. Such trends are difficult to identify in distal subaerial data owing to reworking and limited exposure. We find that tephra grain size distributions are much less affected by depositional environment than thickness, with trends that are consistent across distal subaerial, lacustrine and deep sea environments. The CI layer exhibits bimodal grain size distributions to distances of c. 1000 km, after which it becomes unimodal. Such trends can be related to different mechanisms of tephra transport in the atmosphere, whereby at proximal to medial distances the Plinian and co-ignimbrite phases produce distinct plumes. Within 150 and 900 km from source, Plinian tephra constitutes 40 + 5% of the deposit volume. Beyond this region where coarse particles are deposited, the plumes merge and fines derived largely from co-ignimbrite elutriation are spread in the atmosphere at velocities greater than the settling velocities of the particles.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics of tephra layers in the deep sea realm: the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption

Engwell

Sparks

Carey

2014

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“…The only known source with mainly alkaline volcanism in the surrounding of Lake Prespa are the volcanic districts of the Italian Peninsula, which also would match with predominant westerly winds in the region. Volcanic products of the Aegean area (e.g., Greece, Santorini) and Central Anatolia (e.g., Turkey) show mainly calc-alkaline affinity (e.g., Keller et al, 1990;Druitt et al, 1995;Paterne et al, 2008) and those of Germany (Eifel volcanic district) and France (Massif Central) have never been recorded close to the study area (e.g., Van den Bogaard, 1995;Schmincke et al, 1999;Walter-Simonnet et al, 2008;Riede et al, 2011). Traces of the Vedde Ash from Iceland were recently found in the Lake Bled, Slovenia (Lane et al, 2011a), but not yet on the Balkan Peninsula.…”

Section: Discussion and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Tephrostratigraphic studies on a sediment core from Lake Prespa in the Balkans

et al. 2013

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A detailed tephrostratigraphic record, which dates back to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5b (ca. 91 kyr), has been established from a 17.76 m long core (Co1215) from Lake Prespa (Macedonia, Albania and Greece). A total of eleven tephra and cryptotephra layers (PT0915-1 to PT0915-11) were identified, using XRF scanning, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and macro- and microscopic inspection of the sediments. The major element composition of glass shards and/or micro-pumice fragments indicates that the tephras and cryptotephras originate from the explosive volcanism of Italy. Eight tephra and cryptotephra layers were correlated with specific volcanic eruptions: the AD 512 eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (1438 cal yr BP), the Mercato eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (8890 ± 90 cal yr BP), the Tufi Biancastri/LN1-LN2 eruption of the Campi Flegrei (14 749 ± 523 cal yr BP and 15 551 ± 621 cal yr BP), the SMP1-e/Y-3 eruption of the Campi Flegrei (30 000-31 000 cal yr BP), the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y-5 eruption of the Campi Flegrei (39 280 ± 110 cal yr BP), the SMP1-a event of Ischia Island (around 44 000 cal yr BP) and the Green Tuff/Y-6 eruption of Pantelleria Island (around 45 000 cal yr BP). One tephra could be attributed to the volcanic activity of Mount Etna, but probably represents an unknown eruption at ca. 60 000 cal yr BP. Cryptotephras PT0915-6 and PT0915-10 remain unclassified so far, but according to the presented age-depth model these would have been deposited around 35 000 and 48 500 cal yr BP, respectively. Some of the tephras and cryptotephras are recognised for the first time in the Balkan region. The tephrostratigraphic work provides important information about ash dispersal and explosion patterns of source volcanoes and can be used to correlate and date geographically distant paleoenvironmental and archaeological archives in the central Mediterranean region. Moreover, the tephrostratigraphic work in combination with radiocarbon and electron spin resonance (ESR) dating is a precondition for paleoclimatic reconstructions inferred from the sediment succession Co1215

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“…This eruption is part of the Rhenish Shield volcanic zone and is fed by a permanent magma reservoir (mantle plume) deep in the Earth's crust (Zhu et al 2012). This eruption has been studied intensely from a volcanological perspective and many details of its eruption sequence, magnitude, intensity as well as the subsequent spread of its attendant volcanic ash (=tephra) fallout are well known (Baales et al 2002;Riede et al 2011). The eruption further affected the nearby River Rhine by damming it.…”

Section: Case Study 2: the Laacher See Eruption (12920 Bp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does environmental archaeology need an ethical promise?

2016

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Environmental catastrophes represent profound challenges faced by societies today. Numerous scholars in the climate sciences and the humanities have argued for a greater ethical engagement with these pressing issues. At the same time, several disciplines concerned with hazards are moving towards formalized ethical codes or promises that not only guide the dissemination of data but oblige scientists to relate to fundamentally political issues. This article couples a survey of the recent environmental ethics literature with two case studies of how past natural hazards have affected vulnerable societies in Europe's prehistory. We ask whether cases of past calamities and their societal effects should play a greater role in public debates and whether archaeologists working with past environmental hazards should be more outspoken in their ethical considerations. We offer no firm answers, but suggest that archaeologists engage with debates in human-environment relations at this interface between politics, public affairs and science. We are living in a climate of fear about our future climate. The language of the public discourse around global warming routinely uses a repertoire which includes words such as 'catastrophe', 'terror', 'danger', 'extinction' and 'collapse'. To help make sense of this phenomenon the story of the complex relationships between climates and cultures in different times and in different places is in urgent need of telling. If we can understand from the past something of this complex interweaving of our ideas of climate with their physical and cultural settings we may be better placed to prepare for different configurations of this relationship in the future. Mike Hulme (2008, 5)

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A Laacher See-eruption supplement to Tephrabase: Investigating distal tephra fallout dynamics

Cited by 56 publications

References 45 publications

Physical characteristics of tephra layers in the deep sea realm: the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption

Physical characteristics of tephra layers in the deep sea realm: the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption

Tephrostratigraphic studies on a sediment core from Lake Prespa in the Balkans

Does environmental archaeology need an ethical promise?

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