“…11,12 As a result, the development of better technologies for detecting these environmental pollutants is critical. To date, numerous analytical procedures, consisting of liquid chromatographymass spectrometry, liquid/gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, fluorescence assays, electrochemical sensing, and immunoassay biosensing, 5,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] have been reported in previous studies for selective detection of CAP, Hg 2+ and Fe 3+ . Although all these methods show exceptional precision and accuracy for detection, inevitable hurdles, including expensive instrumentation, time-consuming multi-step sample pre-treatment processes, antibody instability, the elevated oxidation potential of an electrochemical sensor, precipitation of fluorescent organic molecules under aqueous conditions, etc., make them less appealing for on-field application.…”