A label-free electrochemical biosensor based on tubulin immobilized on gold nanoparticle/glassy carbon electrode for the determination of vinblastine

Abstract

Vinblastine (VLB) is prescribed for a wide variety of cancers. Therefore, development of sensitive methods for early diagnosis is urgently required. In this work, a highly sensitive and label-free impedimetric biosensor was fabricated for the electrochemical detection of VLB. First, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrodeposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was self-assembled over the AuNPs. Then, tubulin (TUB), as a receptor, was covalently immobilized at the AuNPs/GCE surface via carbodiimide coupling reaction using N-(3 dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethyl carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS). The step-by-step modification process was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the presence of a redox probe [Fe(CN)]. The VLB concentration was measured through the increase of impedance values in the corresponding specific binding of VLB and TUB. The increased electron-transfer resistance (R ) values were proportional to the value of VLB concentrations in the range of 0.4 to 65.0 nmol L with a detection limit of 8.4 × 10 nmol L (SN = 3). The practical analytical performance of the proposed method was demonstrated by determination of VLB in plant extracts and human serum samples with satisfactory recoveries.

Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

“…Indirect determination of vincristine [208] and vinblastine [209] (both vinca alkaloids and analogs) was realized [199] with permission from Elsevier; (B) GCE surface sequential modification with AuNPs, MPA layer further used as the TUB anchor. The presented architecture was employed as the impedimetric vinblastine sensor.…”

Biosensor Applications of Electrodeposited Nanostructures

“…Glassy carbon, which has the advantage of a wide potential window [12], is a popular choice for the supporting electrode. For example, a biosensor for the anti-cancer agent vinblastine was constructed by first electrodepositing gold nanoparticles onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) [13]. Electrodeposition was carried out in 3 mM of HAuCl 4 and 0.5 M of H 2 SO 4 at −0.20 V (versus Ag/AgCl) for 220 s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, MIRA3, TESCAN, Brno-Kohoutovice, Czech Republic) revealed a layer of gold nanoparticles of fairly uniform coverage; some of the nanoparticles were irregular in shape or in contact with their neighbors, and each of them was about 20 nm in size, as shown in Figure 1.…”

“…The result of a limit of detection of 0.21 µM and two linear ranges extending up to 16.8 mM [105] is also noteworthy, although it is not clear why two distinct linear ranges occur. Some studies have reported the detection of H 2 O 2 by direct electron transfer between immobilized HRP and the electrode surface [13,21,25], and the results for HRP physisorbed on gold nanoparticles on ITO glass seem most attractive, offering both a low limit of detection of two µM and an extended linear range of up to 30 mM. As has been proposed [1], sensors working on direct electron transfer require minimizing the distance between enzyme active sites and the gold nanoparticle or nanostructure surface.…”

Portable solid-state sensor for therapeutic monitoring of an antineoplastic drug; vinblastine in human plasma

“…13,14 Different methods have been reported in the literature for the determination of vinblastine including spectrophotometry, 15,16 thin layer chromatography, 17 high-performance liquid chromatography, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] capillary electrophoresis, [27][28][29][30][31] and voltammetric methods. [32][33][34][35][36][37] As far as the authors' knowledge, no potentiometric sensor is reported in the literature for the determination of vinblastine. Therefore, it was our concern to develop a simple, sensitive, and selective method for the quantitative analysis of such a life-saving drug, taking advantage of the superior inherent benets of ion-selective electrode-potentiometry such as simplicity, portability, rapidity, and lower energy consumption.…”