Quantum dots (QDs) possess exceptional
optoelectronic properties
that enable their use in the most diverse applications, namely, in
the medical field. The prevalence of cancer has increased and has
been considered the major cause of death worldwide. Thus, there has
been a great demand for new methodologies for diagnosing and monitoring
cancer in cells to provide an earlier prognosis of the disease and
contribute to the effectiveness of treatment. Several molecules in
the human body can be considered relevant as cancer markers. Studies
published over recent years have revealed that micro ribonucleic acids
(miRNAs) play a crucial role in this pathology, since they are responsible
for some physiological processes of the cell cycle and, most important,
they are overexpressed in cancer cells. Thus, the analytical sensing
of miRNA has gained importance to provide monitoring during cancer
treatment, allowing the evaluation of the disease’s evolution.
Recent methodologies based on nanochemistry use fluorescent quantum
dots for sensing of the miRNA. Combining the unique characteristics
of QDs, namely, their fluorescence capacity, and the fact that miRNA
presents an aberrant expression in cancer cells, the researchers created
diverse strategies for miRNA monitoring. This review aims to present
an overview of the recent use of QDs as biosensors in miRNA detection,
also highlighting some tutorial descriptions of the synthesis methods
of QDs, possible surface modification, and functionalization approaches.