A Laboratory Diagnostic Approach to Hepatobiliary Disease in Small Animals

Chapman, Sonia A.; Hostutler, Roger A.

doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.05.002

Cited by 16 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The values obtained in this study were within the RIs reported elsewhere for the Caprine species 8‐18 . Serum TP, ALB, and globulin concentrations were similar to the values obtained previously in Kanni goats 8 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Establishment of reference intervals of selected blood biochemical parameters in Shami goats

Al-Rukibat

Ismail

Al‐Zghoul

et al. 2020

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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BackgroundReference intervals (RIs) of various blood biochemical parameters are used in assessing the clinical health and nutritional status of animals. Blood biochemical analyte RIs are not currently available in Shami goats.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the RIs of selected blood biochemical analytes in Shami goats.MethodsBlood from 120 animals (females N = 70; males N = 50) was used to determine the RIs of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin, fibrinogen (FIB), urea, creatinine (CRT), AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (CL) using commercially available kits.ResultsThe RIs for selected blood biochemical analytes in Shami goats were: TP (34.9‐83.5 g/L), ALB (22.3‐55.1 g/L), globulin (9.9‐50 g/L), FIB (2.19‐5.45 g/L), urea (0.55‐9.5 mmol/L), CRT (11.4‐221 µmol/L), aspartate aminotransferase (7.9‐299 U/L), ALT (2.3‐49 U/L), ALP (7.7‐950 U/L), GGT (4.5‐185 U/L), GLU (1.3‐6.8 mmol/L), Ca (1.65‐2.6 mmol/L), Na (120‐180 mmol/L), K (3.7‐6.3 mmol/L), CL (91.9‐ 125 mmol/L), and the albumin:globulin ratio (0.45‐3.9).ConclusionsThe RIs of the selected blood biochemical analytes in Shami goats were determined in this study. These results can be used in the clinical diagnosis of diseases in Shami goats and to evaluate their general health and nutritional status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Establishment of reference intervals of selected blood biochemical parameters in Shami goats

Al-Rukibat

Ismail

Al‐Zghoul

et al. 2020

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…Higher serum biochemical values (i.e. ALT and GGT) of BE bears on arrival from bile farms are consistent with hepatobiliary disease [16–18]. When followed over time, increases in serum ALT, GGT, and ALKP activity in the BE group persisted throughout the period of analysis and are consistent with long-term hepatobiliary effects in bears who previously experienced bile extraction (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Positive bacterial cultures were detected in 85% (60/71) of samples of bile and gallbladder tissues of BE bears (animal medical records review). Increases in serum ALT activities can also be seen with extrahepatic conditions such as muscle injury, peritonitis, septicemia, and chronic inflammation and these conditions are commonly observed in BE bears [6, 16, 17, 19]. Drug-induced increases in liver enzyme activities cannot be ruled out as medications, particularly antibiotics, are known to be administered to bears on bile farms, although records from bile farms are often incomplete or unavailable [6, 11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ZOO bears demonstrated the highest mean ALKP and the highest proportion of bears with increased ALKP activity of the four bear groups. Systemic disease, drugs, endogenous corticosteroids, and increased osteoblastic activity in young growing animals can also increase serum ALKP activity [16, 17, 19]. Age data were available for 4/9 ZOO bears and all of these were young (1 year old) animals at the time of sampling, and all other liver enzymes were within normal limits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic derangements and reduced survival of bile-extracted Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus)

et al. 2019

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Background Across China and Southeast Asia, an estimated 17,000 bears are currently farmed for bile, primarily for traditional medicines. Depending on country, bile is extracted daily via transabdominal gallbladder fistulas, indwelling catheters, or needle aspiration. Despite claims that bears do not develop adverse effects from bile extraction, health issues identified in bears removed from bile farms include bile-extraction site infections, abdominal hernias, peritonitis, cholecystitis, hepatic neoplasia, cardiac disease, skeletal abnormalities, and abnormal behaviors. We present a comprehensive assessment of the effects of bile farming by comparing serum biochemical and hematological values of bears from farms that were bile-extracted (BE) and bears from farms not bile-extracted (FNE) with bears from non-farm captive (ZOO) and free-range (FR) environments. We hypothesized BE bears would have significant laboratory abnormalities compared to all non-extracted bear groups. We also hypothesized BE bears would have reduced long-term survival compared to FNE bears despite removal from farms. Results BE bears exhibited the highest values and greatest variation (on a population level) in laboratory parameters compared to all non-extracted bear groups particularly for alanine transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CREA), and total white blood cell count. Significant differences were detected between bear groups when accounting for season, sex, and/or age. BE bears exhibited greater mean serum GGT compared to all non-extracted bear groups, and the odds of having elevated TBIL were 7.3 times greater for BE bears, consistent with hepatobiliary disease. Biochemical parameter elevations in BE bears persisted up to 14 years post-rescue, consistent with long-term effects of bile-extraction. BE bears that arrived with elevated CREA and ALKP had median survival times of 1 and 4 years respectively, and regardless of laboratory abnormalities, BE bears had significantly shorter survival times compared to FNE bears. Conclusions Our results provide strong evidence that bile extraction practices not only represent a temporary constraint for bears’ welfare, but confer distinct long-term adverse health consequences. Routine laboratory panels may be insensitive to detect the extent of underlying illness in BE bears as these bears have significantly reduced survival regardless of biochemical assessment compared to FNE bears. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2006-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Acute hepatic injury and hepatocellular necrosis induced leakage of hepatocellular enzymes into blood. [ 38 ] Therefore, liver damage is detected by the activity of AST, ALT, and ALP in serum. Increased levels of serum liver enzymes have been confirmed by previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of olive oil supplementation on sodium arsenate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

et al. 2018

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Background:Sodium arsenate (As), a toxic substance with induced oxidative stress, lead to hepatotoxicity. Olive oil (OO) with antioxidant property has protective effect on toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate protective effect of OO on sodium As-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Subjects and Methods:In this experimental study, 32 adult male BALB/c mice were divided randomly into four groups: control group (received only normal saline, the same volume as other groups), OO (0.4 mL/day, gavage), sodium As (15 mg/kg, gavage), and OO + sodium As (received OO 1 h before sodium As). Drugs were given for 30 consecutive days. After the last receipt of the drugs, oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH)] in tissue, liver function parameters [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] in serum, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in plasma, and histopathological assays were performed.Results:Sodium As induced hepatic injury as indicated by significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH in serum and pathologic evidences. It also induces hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers as indicated by significant increase in levels of MDA and significant decrease in FRAP and GSH concentration. OO administration significantly improved oxidative stress parameters, histopathological changes, and enzymatic markers of liver injury.Conclusions:It was concluded that antioxidant activity of OO has hepatoprotective effect on As-induced hepatic injury.

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A Laboratory Diagnostic Approach to Hepatobiliary Disease in Small Animals

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Establishment of reference intervals of selected blood biochemical parameters in Shami goats

Establishment of reference intervals of selected blood biochemical parameters in Shami goats

Metabolic derangements and reduced survival of bile-extracted Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus)

Effects of olive oil supplementation on sodium arsenate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

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