A Large-Scale Outbreak of Echovirus 30 in Gansu Province of China in 2015 and Its Phylodynamic Characterization

Abstract

Background: Echovirus 30 (E-30) has been investigated and reported worldwide and is closely associated with several infectious diseases, including encephalitis; myocarditis; and hand, foot, and mouth disease. Although many E-30 outbreaks associated with encephalitis have been reported around the world, it was not reported in northwest China until 2015. Methods: The clinical samples, including the feces, serum, throat swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid, were collected for this study and were analyzed for diagnosis. E-30 was isolated and processed according to the standard procedures. The epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis were performed to indicate the characteristics of E-30 outbreaks and phylodynamics of E-30 in China. Results: The E-30 outbreaks affected nine towns of Gansu Province in 2015, starting at a school of Nancha town and spreading to other towns within 1 month. The epidemiological features showed that children aged 6-15 years were more susceptible to E-30 infection. The genotypes B and C cocirculated in the world, whereas the latter dominated the circulation of E-30 in China. The genome sequences of this outbreak present 99.3-100% similarity among these strains, indicating a genetic-linked aggregate outbreak of E-30 in this study. Two larger genetic diversity expansions and three small fluctuations of E-30 were observed from 1987 to 2016 in China, which revealed the oscillating patterns of E-30 in China. In addition, the coastal provinces of China, such as Zhejiang, Fujian, and Shandong, were initially infected, followed by other parts of the country. The E-30 strains isolated from mainland of China may have originated from Taiwan of China in the last century. Conclusion: The highly similar E-30 genomes in this outbreak showed an aggregate outbreak of E-30, with nine towns affected. Our results suggested that, although the genetic diversity of E-30 oscillates, the dominant lineages of E-30 in China has complex

Genomic epidemiology of coxsackievirus A16 in mainland of China, 2000–18

“…2012 , 2019 ; Liu et al. 2014 ; Chen et al 2016 , 2020 ). Although severe and fatal cases of HFMD are usually linked to EV-A71, CV-A16 has been related to outbreaks of HFMD as well as to severe and fatal cases ( Zhang et al.…”

Temporal Phylogeny and Molecular Characterization of Echovirus 30 Associated With Aseptic Meningitis Outbreaks in China

“…All identi ed enterovirus isolates met the strain-identi cation criteria with the homologous serotypes, including at least 75% nucleotide or 85% amino acid homology between the enterovirus isolates and the prototype enterovirus strain [37]. The genotype of the isolates in this study was investigated based on the genotyping criteria for E-30 and previous reports [9,38], with the results revealing that all isolates belonged to genotype C of E-30 (Fig. 2).…”

“…Seven genomic sequences sampled from different patients, including two full-length genomes, were incorporated into the molecular epidemiological analysis. A phylogenetic tree for E-30 genotyping was computed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGA 7.0 software (https://www.megasoftware.net/), which implemented the same genotyping criteria described previously [9]. Genomic dataset mining for E-30 was performed and included genomic sequences from GenBank and this study.…”

“…Echovirus 30 (E-30) is a member of genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae, and belongs to human enterovirus species B (EV-B) together with 62 other serotypes [4]. Globally, E-30 is among the most frequently identi ed enteroviruses and a major cause of aseptic meningitis (AM) [5][6][7][8][9]. In China, E-30 outbreaks have been reported in many provinces, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Fujian, and Guangdong [7,[9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Globally, E-30 is among the most frequently identi ed enteroviruses and a major cause of aseptic meningitis (AM) [5][6][7][8][9]. In China, E-30 outbreaks have been reported in many provinces, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Fujian, and Guangdong [7,[9][10][11][12][13]. Further, E-30 has a high isolation rate from patients with acute accid paralysis (AFP) and those with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a new emerging concern that should promote extensive study on the inherent mechanisms involved [5][6][7][12][13][14].…”