A Lasing Organic Light‐Emitting Diode

Wallikewitz, Bodo H.; Rosa, Matthias de la; Kremer, Jonas H.-W. M.; Hertel, Dirk; Meerholz, Klaus

doi:10.1002/adma.200902451

Cited by 57 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…To address this technical difficulty and enhance the prospects for realization of electrical pumping considerable research efforts have been expended so far on the development of resonator architectures that can ensure either optically-pumped laser operation with electrodes [81,[350][351][352], or minimization of the impact of the contact electrodes on waveguide losses [185,353,354]. The solutions proposed involved resonators based either on OLEDs [185,350,351,355,356] or on ambipolar lightemitting field-effect transistors (LEFETs) [81,352,354]. These implementations have led to considerable loss suppression, which however, was not sufficient to allow for generation of laser emission with electrical excitation.…”

Section: Toward Integrated Electrically-excited Organic Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Grivas

Pollnau

2012

Laser & Photonics Reviews

211

202

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Solid-state organic amplifiers and lasers are attractive for hybrid integration due to their compatibility with different material platforms, straightforward processing, and possibility to optimize easily their optical and electronic properties by molecular engineering. Advances in the gain medium design and synthesis in combination with new resonator architectures led to tremendous improvements in temporal and spectral properties, lifetime stability, gains produced and operating threshold powers, which triggered interest in their use for a broad range of integrated photonic applications. In this contribution, the current state-of-the-art in the field of organic solid-state amplifiers and lasers is reviewed from the aspects of fabrication technology, gain materials, and device performance. Furthermore, examples of the progress of this technology from a laboratory curiosity to one that demonstrates practical integrated photonic applications are highlighted. An outlook is also provided on research areas and applications that are likely to shape further developments of this technology. (Figure reprinted from [296],

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Section: Toward Integrated Electrically-excited Organic Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To latter can be achieved by using thick hole and electron transport layers as spacers [350]. This architecture enabled low laser threshold operation (4.8 μJ·cm 2 ) of an optically pumped OLED device under electrical operation (E = 7:9 ¢10 5 V·cm 1 ).…”

Section: Review Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Grivas

Pollnau

2012

Laser & Photonics Reviews

211

202

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“…C onjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have attracted significant attention as active materials in polymer optoelectronic devices, [1][2][3][4][5] especially because of their use as effective electron injection/transport layers. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] A range of CPEs with different counterions (anion/cation) and backbones 13,14 have been synthesized in attempts to understand the role of the ions in the charge injection process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The neutral polymer was soluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and toluene but insoluble in methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and water. After quaternization of the neutral polymer using 1,4-butane sultone in a THF/methanol solvent mixture, the resulting polymer, F(NSO 3 ) 2 , was soluble in methanol and DMSO.…”

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confidence: 99%

Conjugated Zwitterionic Polyelectrolyte as the Charge Injection Layer for High-Performance Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

et al. 2010

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A new zwitterionic conjugated polyelectrolyte without free counterions has been used as an electron injection material in polymer light-emitting diodes. Both the efficiency and maximum brightness were considerably improved in comparison with standard Ca cathode devices. The devices showed very fast response times, indicating that the improved performance is, in addition to hole blocking, due to dipoles at the cathode interface, which facilitate electron injection.

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“…Low threshold organic semiconductor lasers can be pumped with laser diodes [3][4][5][6] and light-emitting diodes [7]. Investigations are also aiming towards electrically pumped lasers [8]. Nevertheless, optically pumped organic semiconductor lasers have sufficient output power for spectroscopic analysis [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-polymer organic semiconductor laser chips: Parallel fabrication and encapsulation

Vannahme¹,

Klinkhammer²,

Christiansen³

et al. 2010

Opt. Express

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Organic semiconductor lasers are of particular interest as tunable visible laser light sources. For bringing those to market encapsulation is needed to ensure practicable lifetimes. Additionally, fabrication technologies suitable for mass production must be used. We introduce allpolymer chips comprising encapsulated distributed feedback organic semiconductor lasers. Several chips are fabricated in parallel by thermal nanoimprint of the feedback grating on 4 wafer scale out of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). The lasers consisting of the organic semiconductor tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ) doped with the laser dye 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(pdimethylaminostyril)-4H-pyrane (DCM) are hermetically sealed by thermally bonding a polymer lid. The organic thin film is placed in a basin within the substrate and is not in direct contact to the lid. Thus, the spectral properties of the lasers are unmodified in comparison to unencapsulated lasers. Grating periods of 378 nm to 428 nm in steps of 10 nm result in lasing at wavelengths of 622 nm to 685 nm. The operational lifetime of the lasers expressed in number of pulses is improved 11-fold (PMMA) and 3-fold (COC) in comparison to unencapsulated PMMA devices.

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A Lasing Organic Light‐Emitting Diode

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Conjugated Zwitterionic Polyelectrolyte as the Charge Injection Layer for High-Performance Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

All-polymer organic semiconductor laser chips: Parallel fabrication and encapsulation

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A Lasing Organic Light‐Emitting Diode

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Conjugated Zwitterionic Polyelectrolyte as the Charge Injection Layer for High-Performance Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

All-polymer organic semiconductor laser chips: Parallel fabrication and encapsulation

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Product

Resources

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All-polymer organic semiconductor laser chips: Parallel fabrication and encapsulation