A lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator for the coupled physics, chemistry, and biology of marine sediments (eLABS v0.1)

Abstract

Abstract. Seawater-sediment interaction is a crucial factor in the dynamics of carbon and nutrient cycling on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This interaction is mediated not just through geochemistry, but also via biology. Infauna vigorously mix sediment particles, enhance porewater-seawater exchange and consequently facilitate chemical reactions. In turn, the ecology and activity of benthic fauna are impacted by their environment, amplifying the sensitivity of seawater-sediment interaction to environmental change. However, numerical representation of the bioturbation of sediment has often been treated simply as an enhanced diffusion of solutes and solids. Whilst reasonably successful in representing the mixing of bulk and predominantly oxic marine sediments, the diffusional approach to bioturbation is limited by lacking an environmental sensitivity. To better capture the mechanics and effects of sediment bioturbation, we summarize and extend a published bioturbation model (acronym: LABS) that adopts a novel lattice automaton method to simulate the behaviors of infauna that drive sediment mixing. In this new model (eLABS), simulated benthic organism behavior is combined with a deterministic calculation of water flow and oxygen and organic matter concentration fields to better reflect the physicochemical evolution of sediment. The predicted burrow geometry and mixing intensity thus attain a dependence on physicochemical sedimentary conditions. Such an interplay between biology, chemistry and physics can be important to mechanistically explain empirical observations of bioturbation and to account for the impact of environmental changes. As an illustrative example, we show how higher organic rain can drive more intense sediment mixing by luring benthic organisms deeper into sediments, while lower ambient dissolved oxygen restricts the oxic habitat depth and hence tends to reduce bulk mixing rates. Finally, our model, with its oxygen and food availability controls, represents a new tool to interpret the geological record of trace fossils, e.g., burrows, as well as to mechanistically explore biological engineering of early marine environments.