A Life-Cycle Comparison of Several Auxiliary Blowing Agents Used for the Manufacture of Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Katz, Seton; Lindner, Angela S.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2003.10466176

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The storage capacity is thus chosen as the functional unit, as the necessary parameters of individual components can be determined based on the storage size. The following components were included in the analysis: generator [34], compressor [39], pump [40], turbine, piping and apparatuses [41], heat exchanger [42], water reservoir [30] as well as the working fluid [43].…”

Section: Pumped Thermal Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the P2P efficiency is specified as 50%, the choice of the working fluid does not enter in the LCA as a function of operating parameters, but in those of the construction of the plant. The energy required for the production of cyclopentane was calculated based on [43]. For the calculation of the GWP, an equivalent of 11 kg carbon dioxide per 1 kg of cyclopentane was included in the calculations.…”

Section: Pumped Thermal Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle–Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply

et al. 2020

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The life cycle assessment of components is becoming increasingly important for planning and construction. In this paper, a novel storage technology for excess electricity consisting of a heat pump, a heat storage and an organic rankine cycle is investigated with regards to its environmental impact. Waste heat is exergetically upgraded, stored in a hot water storage unit and afterwards reconverted to electricity when needed. Such a pilot plant on a lab scale is currently built in Germany. The first part of this paper focuses on geothermal energy as a potential heat source for the storage system and its environmental impact. For a large scale application, geothermal hotspots in Germany are further investigated. The second part analyzes the storage technology itself and compares it to the impacts of commonly used battery storage technologies. Especially during the manufacturing process, significantly better global warming potential values are shown compared to lithium-ion and lead batteries. The least environmental impact while operating the system is with wind power, which suggests an implementation of the storage system into the grid in the northern part of Germany.

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Section: Pumped Thermal Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pumped Thermal Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle–Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply

et al. 2020

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“…Foaming agents such as hydrofluoro‐carbon compounds (HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and hydrogen‐containing chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are generally used in actual production. According to Montreal Protocol, the production and consumption of CFC and HCFCs blowing agent should be totally phased out, since their utilization results in ozone layer depletion . Consequently, researchers are increasingly interested in finding alternative blowing agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of auxiliary blowing agents on properties of rigid polyurethane foams based on liquefied products from peanut shell

Zhang

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The bio-based rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were successfully prepared based on liquefied products from peanut shell with water as the blowing agent. The influence of reaction parameters on properties of rigid PU foams was investigated. Rigid PU foams showed excellent compressive strength and low shrinkage ratio, whereas their open-cell ratio and water absorption were higher. Therefore, rigid PU foams were synthesized with petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and acetone as auxiliary blowing agents and their inner temperature, shrinkage performance, density, compressive strength, water absorption, and open-cell ratio were determined. The results indicated that above rigid PU foams showed lower compressive strength than the original foam but their water absorption and close-cell ratio were improved. Compared with the original foam, the highest inner temperature of rigid PU foams with petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and acetone as auxiliary blowing agents was reduced by 11, 19, and 23 8C, respectively. Typically, foams with petroleum ether as auxiliary blowing agent displayed better water absorption and swelling ratio in water and exhibited obvious improvement in close-cell ratio. These foams were preferable for application in thermal insulation materials because of low thermal conductivity and better corrosion resistance.

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“…Most literature is confined to Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of selected components, e.g. the refrigerant (Pappasavva, 1998), or the blowing agents used in insulation (Katz, 2003), or parts of the life cycle only, e.g. materials and recycling (Kondo, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle analysis of the environmental impact of different cabinet designs

Watkins

Tassou

2006

13th World Congress of Food Science &Amp; Technology

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The design of refrigerated display cabinets greatly affects their subsequent environmental impact. To control this impact, a designer must primarily consider the operating efficiency of a cabinet. However, less account is taken of the materials used to make the cabinet, nor the construction techniques used. These both have a significant effect on the environmental impact of different cabinets outside the use phase of their life cycle. Initial construction impact, remanufacturability and recyclability are all affected. Given the ubiquity of the display cabinet in the retail sector, it is important to assess their lifetime impact in toto. This is particularly so with the increasing implementation of the WEEE directive in member states. Three typical refrigerated display cabinets are examined in this paper, all offering the same function, but manufactured with quite different constructions and materials. The mass of materials in each cabinet was determined experimentally and the methods of assembly examined. The stages in the life of each cabinet were then modelled and life cycle analyses performed. To compare the efficiency of the cabinets in terms of their environmental impact, the Eco Indicator Points/litre of refrigerated space/day were determined in each case. When combined with the energy performance (kWh/litre/day) this provides a good measure of the overall environmental impact of a cabinet and a way of choosing between different models that nominally provide the same refrigeration function. Different end of life scenarios, and improvements in the choice of materials, were also investigated depending on the type of construction. INTRODUCTIONRefrigerated display cabinets are used worldwide to sell chilled food and beverages in supermarkets and smaller stores. The subject of this study is the open-fronted vertical display cabinet which offers the advantage of unimpeded selection and access to the products by a customer. This free access is also associated with the high energy use of this type of cabinet, compared with those cabinets fitted with doors or other thermal barriers. It is debatable whether these open-fronted cabinets would be introduced now in the current climate of high energy prices and concerns for global warming. However, given their continuing use, it is useful to look at ways of reducing their environmental impact. The particular type of cabinet examined in this paper is the integral cabinet, i.e. the refrigeration system and defrost water disposal are all provided within the cabinet itself, in contrast to the more usual remote systems of large supermarkets, serviced by central chilling plant. Integral cabinets have the advantage of simplifying changes in a store's layout, reducing the potential for a large loss of refrigerant inventory, and often providing a better balance between heating and cooling in a store. However, they usually operate with lower efficiency than their larger, remotely serviced counterparts.

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A Life-Cycle Comparison of Several Auxiliary Blowing Agents Used for the Manufacture of Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle–Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply

Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle–Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply

Effect of auxiliary blowing agents on properties of rigid polyurethane foams based on liquefied products from peanut shell

Life cycle analysis of the environmental impact of different cabinet designs

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