A Life Cycle-Cost Analysis of Li-ion and Lead-Acid BESSs and Their Actively Hybridized ESSs With Supercapacitors for Islanded Microgrid Applications

Abstract

The combination of supercapacitors (SCs) with Li-ion Batteries (LIBs) and Lead-Acid Batteries (LABs) as hybrid ESSs (HESSs) have widely been proposed for Microgrid (MG) applications. The SCs of HESSs eliminate the stress of surge currents on LIBs and LABs, which increases their life cycles, and decreases their life cycle costs and hence decreases the HESSs operational costs. However, the active topology of HESS, which is the most commonly used configuration, requires an extra SC and an extra DC/DC converter in comparison to the Battery Energy Storage (BESS) topology, which increases the HESS capital cost. This paper tries to investigate that the hybridization of LABs and LIBs with SCs is economically effective or not for applications in islanded MG. In this regard, an energy management and frequency control (EMFC) scheme is proposed for the operation of MG in islanded mode. Using the simulations of the proposed EMFC scheme for islanded MG, the size of main components of LIB ESS (LIBESS), LAB ESS (LABESS), LIB-SC HESS (LISHESS) and LAB-SC HESS (LASHESS) are calculated. The numerical results show that for a 10-year period operation in islanded MG, the LISHESS and LASHESS impose less cost than LIBESS and LABESS. Also, the LISHESS is cheaper (almost 11%) than LASHESS.

Comprehensive mitigation strategy of voltage sag based on sensitive load clustering

“…When calculating the cost of energy storage, 27 the whole life cycle is considered, and the method of Net Present Value(NPV) conversion is adopted. The formula is: where C c is the life cycle cost of energy storage.…”

Coordination of hybrid energy storage system, photovoltaic systems, smart lighting loads, and thermostatically controlled loads for microgrid frequency control

“…However, the batteries are not high power ESSs, and if they are used for short‐term power regulations, they will suffer from the aging problem, which increases the replacement cost significantly 4 . Therefore, in various studies, it has been proposed to use a high power ESS mostly an SC in parallel with the battery as a hybrid ESS (HESS), which increases the battery lifetime by utilizing SC and battery for short‐term power regulations and long‐term energy management, respectively 7 . In Reference 8, an energy management and coordinated control strategy have been proposed for an islanded AC MG with HESS.…”

“…Moreover, the utilization of PV for PFC becomes efficient as it mostly operates at MPP, and the consumers' discomfort is also avoided as they do not experience long disturbances in residences' light intensity. Proposing to use PVs and SLEDLLs for handling PFC without FTSs in case of failure of SC, its converter or its controller, so that the MG is stabilized even when the SC is not operational. Previous studies like 5,7 have not considered the operational conditions during which the main ESS fails to handle the frequency control. In this paper, the reliable and safe operation of MG is ensured during these conditions using the proposed control scheme. Introducing a novel scheme for fast controlling of TCLs to participate in PFC.…”

Analysis of solar photovoltaic‐battery system for off‐grid DC load application

“…It was found that lithium‐ion battery is more preferable than lead‐acid battery considering the levelized cost of electricity 32 . Torkashvand et al have performed a life cycle cost analysis of lead‐acid and lithium‐ion battery with supercapacitor storage medium for islanded microgrid applications 33 . Li et al performed a techno‐economic study on standalone hybrid diesel generator‐wind‐battery system with different battery technologies (lead‐acid, lithium‐ion, and zinc‐bromine ) .…”