A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies

Devine, Christina; Triantafyllidou, Simoni

doi:10.1002/aws2.1324

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…Sentinel pipe racks can be used to understand the effect of an unplanned change in water quality, whereas pipe loop and bench-top studies are usually designed with a specific research question in mind. And while no simple model can fully replicate the complexities of premises plumbing, 14 pipe rack systems are probably a better approximation than benchtop apparatus. 15 We present data from three separate racks, located at three sites within the Halifax Regional Municipality, a medium-sized Canadian city.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentinel pipe racks quantify orthophosphate’s effect on lead release into drinking water

Trueman

Krkošek²,

Gagnon

2023

Preprint

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Orthophosphate is used widely to control lead release from plumbing into tap water. Its effect can be difficult to quantify, though, since tap water lead concentrations are site-specific. Sentinel homes with lead service lines are ideal for evaluating orthophosphate corrosion control programs, but best practices dictate the removal of lead service lines once they are identified. Sentinel homes, then, often have too short a useful life to be used effectively. Here we explore an alternative: sentinel pipe racks constructed with recovered lead pipes and supplied with water directly from the distribution system. We also propose a strategy for analyzing pipe rack data based on the generalized additive model, which approximates time series as a sum of smooth functions. In this study, geometric mean lead release from pipe racks exhibited a pronounced dose response, falling by 54% (95% credible interval: 14–77%) after an increase from 1 to 2 mg PO4 L-1, and then climbing by 55% (95% credible interval: 5–143%) after a decrease to 1.5 mg PO4 L-1. Data from the sentinel homes were largely consistent with those from pipe racks: geometric mean lead levels at the high orthophosphate dose (2 mg L-1) were 60% of those at the low dose (1 mg L-1, 95% credible interval: 50–76%). Our results demonstrate sentinel pipe racks as a viable alternative to at-the-tap sampling for non-regulatory corrosion control monitoring. They also provide a fully Bayesian framework for quantifying orthophosphate’s effect on lead release that is well-suited to incorporating information from multiple sources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentinel pipe racks quantify orthophosphate’s effect on lead release into drinking water

Trueman

Krkošek²,

Gagnon

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They can be used to understand the effect of an unplanned change in water quality, whereas pipe loop and benchtop studies are usually designed with a specific research question in mind. And while no simple model can fully replicate the complexities of premises plumbing, 17 pipe rack systems are probably a better approximation than benchtop apparatus. 18 As highlighted previously, 19 they allow complete control of the flow rate, flow pattern, and stagnation time without involving or endangering consumers.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Sentinel Pipe Racks for Monitoring Lead Release and Optimizing Corrosion Control

Trueman,

Locsin,

Krkošek

et al. 2023

ACS EST Water

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Orthophosphate can limit lead contamination of tap water, but its benefits are difficult to quantify, since lead concentrations are so site-specific. Sentinel homes serviced by lead pipe are ideal for monitoring orthophosphate treatment, but best practices dictate the removal of lead once identified. Sentinel homes, then, are often short-lived. Here, we explore an alternative: recovered lead pipe racks supplied with distributed drinking water at locations throughout a water system. We also propose a strategy for analyzing the data based on the generalized additive model, which approximates time series as sums of smooth functions. Geometric mean lead release from pipe racks exhibited a pronounced dose–response, falling by 54% after an increase from 1 to 2 mg PO4 L–1 and then climbing by 55% after a decrease to 1.5 mg PO4 L–1. Data from nine sentinel homes were consistent with those from pipe racks: the geometric mean lead at the high orthophosphate dose was 60% of that at the low dose. Our results demonstrate sentinel pipe racks as a viable alternative to at-the-tap sampling for nonregulatory corrosion control monitoring. They also provide a Bayesian framework for quantifying changes in lead release that can incorporate information from multiple sources.

show abstract

“…Sentinel pipe racks can be used to understand the effect of an unplanned change in water quality, whereas pipe loop and bench-top studies are usually designed with a specific research question in mind. And while no simple model can fully replicate the complexities of premises plumbing, 16 pipe rack systems are probably a better approximation than benchtop apparatus. 17 We present data from three separate racks, located at three sites within the Halifax Regional Municipality, a medium-sized Canadian city.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentinel lead pipe racks quantify orthophosphate’s dose-response in drinking water

Trueman

Krkošek

Gagnon

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Orthophosphate is used to minimize lead contamination of tap water, but its benefits are difficult to quantify since lead concentrations are plumbing-dependent. Homes serviced by lead pipe are ideal for monitoring orthophosphate treatment, but best practices dictate the removal of lead once identified, which complicates sampling plans. Here we explore an alternative: recovered lead pipe racks supplied with distributed drinking water at various locations within a water system. We also propose a strategy for analyzing the data based on the generalized additive model, which approximates time series as a sum of smooth functions. In this study, geometric mean lead release from pipe racks exhibited a pronounced dose-response, falling by 54% after an increase from 1 to 2 mg PO4 L-1, and then climbing by 55% after a decrease to 1.5 mg PO4 L-1. Data from nine sentinel homes were consistent with those from pipe racks: geometric mean lead at the high orthophosphate dose was 60% of that at the low dose. Our results demonstrate sentinel pipe racks as a viable alternative to at-the-tap sampling for non-regulatory corrosion control monitoring. They also provide a Bayesian framework for quantifying orthophosphate’s effect on lead release that can incorporate information from multiple sources.

show abstract

A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies

Cited by 4 publications

References 67 publications

Sentinel pipe racks quantify orthophosphate’s effect on lead release into drinking water

Sentinel pipe racks quantify orthophosphate’s effect on lead release into drinking water

Evaluating Sentinel Pipe Racks for Monitoring Lead Release and Optimizing Corrosion Control

Sentinel lead pipe racks quantify orthophosphate’s dose-response in drinking water

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