A Literature Review of Swine Heat and Moisture

Abstract

Current ASAE standards of heat and moisture production are based primarily on data collected nearly four decades ago. Feedstuffs, swine practices, growth rate, and lean percentage have changed considerably in that time period and have a substantial effect on both heat and moisture production. In fact, recent research has shown that high-lean gain swine are more susceptible to high environmental temperatures-partially due to increased heat production. This increase in heat production cannot be met physiologically through increased sensible heat loss (i.e. surface area); therefore, latent heat loss must increase. Furthermore, synthetic amino acids can more closely match diet composition with swine nutrient requirements, and reduce heat production and nitrogen loss. This paper reviews the genetic, nutritional, and environmental effects on heat and moisture production of growing-finishing swine, and identifies the areas that need further investigation.

Utilização de energia elétrica em diferentes sistemas de aquecimento para leitões desmamados

“…O critério de eleição da faixa de temperatura somou-se à recomendação de BROWN-BRANDL et al (2003), apresentada na eq. …”

“…Todos os tratamentos foram diferentes estatisticamente entre si e quando comparados ao ambiente externo, e encontraram-se abaixo da zona de conforto dos animais, sendo TR o melhor e TP o pior tratamento neste quesito. Desta forma, considerando a eficiência dos tratamentos com relação à temperatura de bulbo seco (do ar) recomendada para a fase de creche (BROWN-BRANDL et al, 2003), o aquecimento por resistências elétricas suspensas foi o melhor, seguido pelo aquecimento do ar por convecção. O aquecimento por piso aquecido foi o pior, considerando as médias de Tbs encontradas.…”

The effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism and insulin homeostasis

“…However, in these temperate regions, HS is primary an issue during just the summer months, while in tropical areas it can be a year-round problem. At these latitudes, commercial breeds perform poorly due to compromised thermotolerance associated with increased productivity and metabolic heat production (Brown-Brandl et al 2003). In contrast, local or indigenous breeds are well acclimated to high temperatures but their efficiency and overall productivity is typically inferior (Renaudeau et al 2012).…”

“…HS-induced economic losses are a result of poor sow performance, reduced and inconsistent growth, decreased carcass quality, and increased veterinary costs (St-Pierre et al 2003;Renaudeau et al 2011). In addition to high ambient temperatures, genetic selection for leaner phenotypes decreases pigs' thermal tolerance, as enhanced protein accretion results in increased basal heat production (Brown-Brandl et al 2003). Therefore, HS is likely one of the primary factors limiting profitable animal protein production and will certainly continue to compromise food security, especially in developing countries (Baumgard and Rhoads 2013).…”

“…Further, the deleterious effects of HS will be aggravated if climate continues to warm as predicted (Luber and McGeehin 2008). In addition, genetic selection for rapid skeletal muscle growth might increase pigs' susceptibility to HS, as enhanced lean tissue accretion is accompanied by increased metabolic heat production (Brown-Brandl et al 2003).…”