A lithium iron phosphate reference electrode for ionic liquid electrolytes

Wandt, Johannes; Lee, Junqiao; Arrigan, Damien W. M.; Silvester, Debbie S.

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2018.07.006

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The reference electrode built-in to the MATFE was made from platinum, which is prone to potential shifting depending on the nature (cleanliness) of the surface, with potential shifts of up to 200 mV observed in the presence of 20% O 2 [ 46 ]. Therefore, to properly calibrate the potential for oxygen reduction, ferrocene was added at the end of the calibration experiment, and CVs were recorded for the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc + ) redox couple (10 mM Fc), together with the oxygen/superoxide redox couple (100% O 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Microelectrode Arrays with High Surface Area Dendritic Platinum 3D Structures: Enhanced Sensitivity for Oxygen Detection in Ionic Liquids

2018

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Electrochemical gas sensors are often used for identifying and quantifying redox-active analyte gases in the atmosphere. However, for amperometric sensors, the current signal is usually dependent on the electroactive surface area, which can become small when using microelectrodes and miniaturized devices. Microarray thin-film electrodes (MATFEs) are commercially available, low-cost devices that give enhanced current densities compared to mm-sized electrodes, but still give low current responses (e.g., less than one nanoamp), when detecting low concentrations of gases. To overcome this, we have modified the surface of the MATFEs by depositing platinum into the recessed holes to create arrays of 3D structures with high surface areas. Dendritic structures have been formed using an additive, lead acetate (Pb(OAc)2) into the plating solution. One-step and two-step depositions were explored, with a total deposition time of 300 s or 420 s. The modified MATFEs were then studied for their behavior towards oxygen reduction in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) [N8,2,2,2][NTf2]. Significantly enhanced currents for oxygen were observed, ranging from 9 to 16 times the current of the unmodified MATFE. The highest sensitivity was obtained using a two-step deposition with a total time of 420 s, and both steps containing Pb(OAc)2. This work shows that commercially-available microelectrodes can be favorably modified to give significantly enhanced analytical performances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Microelectrode Arrays with High Surface Area Dendritic Platinum 3D Structures: Enhanced Sensitivity for Oxygen Detection in Ionic Liquids

2018

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“…Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), i.e., salts having a melting point at or below room temperature [165], are being explored because they provide a safer alternative to the commonly employed carbonate-based electrolytes. Although their high costs of production [166] and relatively low ionic conductivity [167] hinder the use of RTILs in practical applications, recent work has highlighted the possibility to use partially-lithiated LFP as an RE active material when an RTIL is used as electrolyte [168]. The authors reported that a very stable and reproducible LFP potential could be obtained even in the presence of oxidizing and reducing gases such as oxygen and hydrogen.…”

Section: Effect Of Electrolytementioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of the Use of Reference Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries: A Diagnostic Perspective

2019

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Use of a reference electrode (RE) in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) aims to enable quantitative evaluation of various electrochemical aspects of operation such as: (i) the distinct contribution of each cell component to the overall battery performance, (ii) correct interpretation of current and voltage data with respect to the components, and (iii) the study of reaction mechanisms of individual electrodes. However, care needs to be taken to ensure the presence of the RE does not perturb the normal operation of the cell. Furthermore, if not properly controlled, geometrical and chemical features of the RE can have a significant influence on the measured response. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the range of RE types and configurations reported in the literature, with a focus on critical aspects such as electrochemical methods of analysis, cell geometry, and chemical composition of the RE and influence of the electrolyte. Some of the more controversial issues reported in the literature are highlighted and the benefits and drawbacks of the use of REs as an in situ diagnostic tool in LIBs are discussed.

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“…Another consideration for RTIL-based AGSs is the common use of a quasi-reference electrode, which has been shown to shift the potential of a bare Pt-TFE surface by ~200 mV and ~800 mV upon the introduction of 20 % vol. O2 and 1 % H2 gas, respectively [50]. With such large potential shifts occurring when gas is introduced, the development of a reference electrode surface insensitive to atmospheric changes would be highly desired.…”

Section: Summary and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New innovations in ionic liquid–based miniaturised amperometric gas sensors

Silvester

2019

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry

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Gas detection is an essential part of everyday life; for some applications, using sensors for toxic and hazardous gases can literally mean the difference between life and death. In this mini-review, recent progress in amperometric gas sensing using miniaturised electrodes and devices is described. The focus is on the use of non-volatile room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as electrolytes, which possess inherent advantages such as wide electrochemical windows, high thermal and chemical stability, intrinsic conductivity and good solvating properties. Various different gases, electrodes and RTILs have been investigated in the strive towards new materials for improved gas sensors. The most recent developments using porous membrane electrodes, planar devices (e.g. screen-printed, thin-film, microarray and interdigitated electrodes), and the modification of these surfaces for improved sensitivity are described.RTILs have great potential to be used as electrolytes in amperometric gas sensors, with improved lifespan of the sensor in hot/dry environments and allowing miniaturisation of devices. However, it is clear that more understanding of their long-term operation and utility in real environments (e.g. background air, varying temperatures and humidity levels) is needed before their realisation in successful commercial devices.

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A lithium iron phosphate reference electrode for ionic liquid electrolytes

Cited by 29 publications

References 33 publications

Modification of Microelectrode Arrays with High Surface Area Dendritic Platinum 3D Structures: Enhanced Sensitivity for Oxygen Detection in Ionic Liquids

Modification of Microelectrode Arrays with High Surface Area Dendritic Platinum 3D Structures: Enhanced Sensitivity for Oxygen Detection in Ionic Liquids

Critical Review of the Use of Reference Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries: A Diagnostic Perspective

New innovations in ionic liquid–based miniaturised amperometric gas sensors

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