A Load-Balanced Guiding Navigation Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Future Research on Cyber-Physical Emergency Management Systems

“…References [13][14][15][16][17][18]20,21,39,[42][43][44] rely on location information regarding the sensors to compute evacuation paths [51], while the deployment of sensors in work spaces and buildings in [12][13][14][15][16][17]20,21,25,39,42] enables the movement of evacuees and first responders. Except for [12][13][14][15][16]20,21], most approaches require maps either for computing or navigation purposes. Instead of physically sensed input, as in other work, some simulation studies [40,41] use virtual hazards to simulate emergencies.…”

“…We note that in [24,28,29,43,44] personalized navigation directions can be provided to individuals, and the issue of congestion is also addressed in some papers [16,17]. Table 1 also summarises and compares proposals that have been made for search and rescue systems.…”

An Adaptive Guiding Protocol for Crowd Evacuation Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

“…One is the shortest path based protocol (SP) [5], [6], and the other is loadbalanced navigation protocol (LBNP) [8].…”

“…This situation, also called congestion problem, may prolong the evacuation time. Works in [8] investigated the congestion problem of guiding protocol for evacuation. The number of moving objects at a location is considered as its load.…”

“…Works in [5]- [8] adopted distributed approaches, in which each sensor node exchanges sensing data with neighboring nodes and determines its guiding direction based on collected data. The distributed algorithm proposed in [5] uses the concept of potential to attract or repulse the moving objects.…”