A long quest in vain: Institutional reforms in Italy

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks have become incredibly popular due to the Internet of Things' (IoT) rapid development. IoT routing is the basis for the efficient operation of the perception-layer network. As a popular type of machine learning, reinforcement learning techniques have gained significant attention due to their successful application in the field of network communication. In the traditional Routing Protocol for lowpower and Lossy Networks (RPL) protocol, to solve the fairness of control message transmission between IoT terminals, a fair broadcast suppression mechanism, or Drizzle algorithm, is usually used, but the Drizzle algorithm cannot allocate priority. Moreover, the Drizzle algorithm keeps changing its redundant constant k value but never converges to the optimal value of k. To address this problem, this paper uses a combination based on reinforcement learning (RL) and trickle timer. This paper proposes an RL Intelligent Adaptive Trickle-Timer Algorithm (RLATT) for routing optimization of the IoT awareness layer. RLATT has triple-optimized the trickle timer algorithm. To verify the algorithm's effectiveness, the simulation is carried out on Contiki operating system and compared with the standard trickling timer and Drizzle algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), power consumption, network convergence time, and total control cost ratio.

Finding Out the Hard Way: Uncovering the Structural Foundations of Political Dissatisfaction in Italy, 1973–2013

“…We have used political and economic macro-level factors that have never been considered simultaneously, and they have proven to provide a deep, yet not complete, account of dissatisfaction in this country. Another contribution of this article concerns the debate on institutional reforms in the country; a leitmotiv in the Italian political arena (Bull and Pasquino 2007). In fact, our findings may indicate possible 'solutions' to the high levels of dissatisfaction in Italy.…”

Non-partisan governments Italian-style: decision-making and accountability

“…After more than three decades of severe and often devastating criticism of the Italian Constitution and its institutions, accompanied by a variety of more or less sound proposals for reform (Bull and Pasquino 2007), all political commentators, scholars and politicians alike should be utterly surprised by the strength and resilience demonstrated by what we will call the institutional circuit: 'Parliament-Government-Presidency of the Republic'. It is true that some of the historical and structural drawbacks have made their (re)appearance, especially: parliamentary trasformismo and governmental instability.…”

Kirchheimer Italian Style

“…Concerning the electoral system, however, there has been extensive change, but not for the reasons the catch-all thesis would expect. 2 One obstacle to electoral reform during the First Republic was that parties -especially the smaller ones -did not want to embrace any reform that would undermine their interests (Bull and Pasquino, 2007). Since the smaller parties held such disproportionate influence, electoral reform from within parliament itself was not considered possible.…”