A Long-Term Approach to Foraging Optimization

Foraging Strategies of Plant-Visiting Bats

“…The time frame of most foraging models is brief. usually one or a few days, but long-term (e.g .• seasonal) considerations are undoubtedly also imponant (Katz, 1974). It is likely that actual foraging strategies involve trade-offs between maximization of shon-term versus long-term energetic efficiency.…”

Strategy of Food Plant Selection in the Siberian Northern Pika, Ochotona hyperborea

“…Pika populations that were provided higher quality available vegetation (with respect to nitrogen content) showed a lower degree of selectivity than populations with low quality available vegetation. This result would be expected for long-term foraging optimization (Craig et al, 1979;Katz, 1974), as pikas living in areas with predominantly low-N (and therefore low-protein) plants are more likely to supplement their cache with higher energy foods. Because of the energetic costs of haying, pikas with adequately nutritious foods readily available would not be expected to expend excess energy seeking out more nutritious and perhaps less common plants (Huntly et al, 1986).…”

“…Species that dwell in these environments are forced to adopt strategies to survive extensive food shortages. Whereas some animals use physiological strategies to cope with periods of low food availability, others must rely on behavioral adaptations (Craig et al, 1979;Katz, 1974). Food caching is one behavioral strategy that has evolved to ensure the availability of food during energetically stressful periods (Smith and Reichman, 1984).…”

Dynamic decision-making in uncertain environments I. The principle of dynamic utility

“…In contrast, stochastic control theory has only rarely been applied to behavioral and evolutionary ecology (see e.g., Katz 1974;Oaten 1977;Oster and Wilson 1978). This is mainly because of the difficulty and intractability of Pontryagin's maximum principle, the core principle of stochastic control theory (Stephens and Krebs 1986;Mangel and Clark 1988).…”