A long‐term seal‐ and cod‐liver‐oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects

Brox, Jan; Olaussen, Kirsten; Østerud, Bjarne; Elvevoll, Edel O.; Bjørnstad, Eivin; Brenn, Tormod; Brattebø, Guttorm; Iversen, Hanne

doi:10.1007/s11745-001-0661-4

Cited by 39 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Results of previous studies with fish oil supplementation have been mixed for apoB100: two studies have found decreases in dyslipidemic subjects [40][41] and two studies demonstrated increases in healthy individuals and individuals with CVD risk factors [42][43] . We speculate that the enhanced catabolism of very-low density lipoprotein with n-3 PUFA supplementation may have slightly increased the conversion to intermediate density lipoprotein and LDL, confirmed by the trend of the rise in LDL-C, and this is more apparent in healthier individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the PPAR-Alpha L162V Polymorphism on the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor in Response to n–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Caron-Dorval¹,

Paquet²,

Paradis³

et al. 2008

Lifestyle Genomics

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Background: Dietary n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Yet, genetic variations of the gene encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) can also modulate CVD risk factors. Since fatty acids, including n–3 PUFAs, are natural ligands of PPARα, a gene-diet interaction effect could be observed. Aims: To examine whether n–3 PUFA- induced changes in CVD risk factors are influenced by the PPARα L162V polymorphism. Methods: Fourteen men, carriers of the V162 allele and 14 L162 homozygotes, were matched according to age and body mass index. Subjects followed, for 8 weeks, a low-fat diet and then were supplemented daily with 5 g of fish oil for 6 weeks. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar for both genotype groups. Independently of the genotype, the supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in plasma triacylglycerol and fasting glucose concentrations, diastolic blood pressure, and with an increase in total apolipoprotein B concentrations. The extent of the decrease in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations was comparable for both genotype groups (p < 0.03). A significant genotype-by-diet interaction effect was observed for plasma C-reactive protein concentrations (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The PPARα L162V polymorphism may contribute to the interindividual variability in the CVD risk factor response to n–3 PUFAs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the PPAR-Alpha L162V Polymorphism on the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor in Response to n–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Caron-Dorval¹,

Paquet²,

Paradis³

et al. 2008

Lifestyle Genomics

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“…The results of the 2 studies on primary prevention by Brox et al [204] and Malaguarnera et al [205] quoted therein are not contained in their publications [204,205] (LOE Ib); a presentation in the work of Hooper et al [25] shows that both studies have an extremely small size and number of cases (1 cardiovascular event in each study).…”

Section: Quantity and Quality Of Dietary Fat And Fatty Acid Intake mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the results of the DART II Study were excluded, the effect estimates for CHD mortality or fatal myocardial infarction were statistically significant. The 2 individual studies on primary prevention were the one already quoted above by Yokoyama et al [206] (LOE Ib) and the unpublished results of the study by Brox et al [204] (LOE Ib), neither of which showed any significant results.…”

Section: Quantity and Quality Of Dietary Fat And Fatty Acid Intake mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases

Wolfram

Bechthold²,

Boeing

et al. 2015

Ann Nutr Metab

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As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.

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“…The level of EPA, a marker of the intake of marine fatty acids, was very low in both groups, both at the entry of the study and after 1 y of follow-up. The EPA level was about 25% of that in adults from the coastal region, and only 5 -10% of the level achieved after daily ingestion moderate amounts (15 ml) of cod liver oil (Brox et al, 2001). The daily intake of vitamin D was also low (Table 3), confirming the small consumption of fish and marine lipids.…”

Section: Total Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Considering the health-promoting effects of EPA and intake of fish and marine lipids, with respect to prevention of coronary heart disease, coronary events and blood vessel occlusion (Schmidt & Dyerberg, 1994;Burr et al, 1989;Gissi-Prevenzione Investigators, 1999;Eritsland et al, 1996), it is worrying that adolescents of 13 -15 y hardly consume marine fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA,22:6,, in contrast to EPA, was found at similar levels those in adults (Brox et al, 2001), indicating biological preference for this fatty acid. DHA is vital in the development of the central nervous system (Uauy et al, 2000;Youdim et al, 2000).…”

Section: Total Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Blood lipids, fatty acids, diet and lifestyle parameters in adolescents from a region in northern Norway with a high mortality from coronary heart disease

et al. 2002

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Introduction: Students aged 13 and 14 y, in a region in northern Norway with high blood cholesterol levels and high mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the adult population, were studied with respect to lifestyle, dietary habits, nutritional intake and blood lipids including fatty acids in serum. The students came from a coastal community with seawater fish as an important part of the traditional diet, and an inland community with meat from reindeer as a major constituent of the diet. Objective: To investigate whether the traditional diet was maintained among the adolescents and to evaluate the lifestyle and blood lipids. The study was followed up after 1 y. Results: The adolescents from the coastal region did not maintain the traditional diet. In the inland region the students had a high intake of meat, probably reflecting the traditional food culture. The inland boys had higher mean body mass index (BMI) than the coastal boys, and 12% had BMI>28, as compared to none of the coastal boys. Other findings showed that the students had higher levels of blood cholesterol than in the south of Norway and several other countries (about 25% had total cholesterol >5.2 mmol=l), higher intake of dietary sugar and fat than the national recommendations and little intake of seawater fish with corresponding low levels of n-3 fatty acids. This did not change after 1 y of follow up. Some 10 -20% reported daily smoking and 8 -13% reported that they rarely or never did physical exercise. About 30% of the students presented no factors negatively related to development of cardiovascular disease.Conclusion: The findings demonstrate, in the majority of students at the age of 13 and 14 y, the appearance of factors contributing to development of cardiovascular disease (CHD).

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A long‐term seal‐ and cod‐liver‐oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects

Cited by 39 publications

References 23 publications

Effect of the PPAR-Alpha L162V Polymorphism on the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor in Response to n–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Effect of the PPAR-Alpha L162V Polymorphism on the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor in Response to n–3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases

Blood lipids, fatty acids, diet and lifestyle parameters in adolescents from a region in northern Norway with a high mortality from coronary heart disease

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