A Longitudinal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Among People With HIV

Abstract

BackgroundThe concentration and duration of antibodies (Ab) to SARS-CoV-2 infection predicts the severity of the disease and the clinical outcomes. Older people and those with HIV have impaired immune responses, worse outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and lower antibody responses after viral infection and vaccination. This study evaluated an Ab response to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV (PWH) and without HIV (HIV-) and its association with age.MethodsA total of 23 COVID+PWH and 21 COVID+HIV- participants were followed longitudinally for 6 months post-mild COVID-19. Immunoglobin G (IgG) and immunoglobin M (IgM) Ab responses were measured by an in-house developed ELISA. Time points and HIV status interaction were analyzed using Poisson generalized estimating equations, and correlations were analyzed using non-parametric tests.ResultsMedian age in PWH was 55 years with 28.6% women, while in the HIV- group was 36 years with 60.9% women. The mean time from COVID-19 diagnosis to study enrollment was 16 days for PWH and 11 days for HIV-. The mean CD4+ T-cell count/μl for PWH was 772.10 (±365.21). SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG were detected at all time points and Ab response levels did not differ by HIV status (p > 0.05). At entry, age showed a weak direct association with IgG responses (ρ = 0.44, p < 0.05) in HIV- but did not show any association in PWH. Similar associations between age, IgG, and HIV status emerged at day 14 (T1; ρ = 0.50, p < 0.05), 3 months (T3; ρ = 0.50, p < 0.05), and 6 months visit (T4; ρ = 0.78, p < 0.05) in the HIV- group.ConclusionThe Ab responses in the 6-month post-SARS-CoV-2 infection did not differ by HIV status, though a positive association was found between age and Ab response in older PWH. Results suggest that immune protection and vaccine responses are similar for PWH than for those without HIV infection.

Immunologic Interplay Between HIV/AIDS and COVID-19: Adding Fuel to the Flames?

“…Alrubayyi et al found comparable antibody titers against S1 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in HIV-positive and -negative subjects after mild COVID-19 [ 58 ••]. Similarly, Alcaide et al showed that antibody responses during the 6-month period post-mild COVID-19 do not differ by HIV status [ 62 ]. Snyman et al reported that magnitude, kinetics, and durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG, and IgA, as well as neutralization potency, are similar in PLWH and people without HIV [ 63 ].…”

Adverse events and SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses after immunization with Sputnik V, ChAdOx1-S, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines in people with HIV

“…Among older individuals and those with immune suppression including HIV, responses to COVID-19 vaccination are suboptimal, short-lived, and require adjusted vaccine schedules [28][29][30][31]. However, as previously reported, antibody responses following natural infection and COVID-19 m-RNA vaccination in PWH on effective ART and normal CD4 þ T cells count are similar to those without HIV [32,33]. In PWH receiving the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, two previous reports have described similar antibody responses and a decline in antibody titles 6 months after vaccination, like those without HIV [24,25].…”

A Pilot Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing BNT162b2 vs. JNJ-78436735 Vaccine as the Third Dose After Two Doses of BNT162b2 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

“…Briefly, the SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed following a 2-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocol and results were interpreted in accordance with the manufacturer’s cutoff calculations. Anti-spike protein SARS-CoV-2 IgG was reported as receptor binding domain (RBD) ( 13 ). At that time, we also questioned the adverse events.…”