A longitudinal household study of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> nasopharyngeal carriage in a UK setting

Hussain, M.; Melegaro, Alessia; Pebody, Richard; George, Robert C.; Edmunds, W. John; Talukdar, Rupjyoti; Martin, Sarah A.; Efstratiou, Androulla; Miller, Elizbeth

doi:10.1017/s0950268805004012

Cited by 172 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The higher incidences seen in the 1996-1997 and 1999-2000 seasons might have been related to the peaks of influenza seen in those seasons [21]. A recent study by Hussain et al showed that there were no significant seasonal differences in the prevalence of carriage of S. pneumoniae [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Trends in incidence of pneumococcal disease before introduction of conjugate vaccine: South West England, 1996–2005

Ihekweazu¹,

Dance²,

Pebody³

et al. 2007

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYIntroduction of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines into the United Kingdom's routine immunization programmes is expected to change the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We have documented the epidemiology of IPD in an English region (South West) with high-quality surveillance data before these programmes were established. We analysed data on isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood and CSF between 1996 and 2005 from microbiology laboratories in the South West that were reported and/or referred for serotyping to the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections. The mean annual incidence of IPD increased from 11 . 2/100 000 in 1996 to 13 . 6/100 000 in 2005 (P<0 . 04). After adjusting for annual blood-culture sampling rates in hospitals serving the same catchment populations, an increase in annual incidence of IPD was no longer observed (P=1 . 0). Variation in overall incidence between laboratories could also be explained by variation in blood culture rates. The proportion of disease caused by serotypes 6B, 9V and 14 decreased significantly (P=0 . 001, P=0 . 007, and P=0 . 027 respectively) whereas that caused by serotype 4, 7F and 1 increased (P=0 . 001, P=0 . 003, and P<0 . 001 respectively) between 2000 and 2005. The level of penicillin non-susceptibility and resistance to erythromycin remained stable (2 % and 12% respectively). This study provides an important baseline to assess the impact of changing vaccination programmes on the epidemiology of IPD, thus informing future use of pneumococcal vaccines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Trends in incidence of pneumococcal disease before introduction of conjugate vaccine: South West England, 1996–2005

Ihekweazu¹,

Dance²,

Pebody³

et al. 2007

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Children are the main source of pneumococcal infection for older people, because children are much more frequently nasopharyngeal carriers of percentile of the GMC ratios; the horizontal line within the box is the median ratio. A ratio of >1 means that the GMC was higher at the same point in time after the 2nd dose than after the 1st dose pneumococci than are older adults [113]. 2.…”

Section: Model Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Background paper to the updated pneumococcal vaccination recommendation for older adults in Germany

Falkenhorst

Remschmidt

Harder

et al. 2016

Bundesgesundheitsbl

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are members of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO). Bundesgesundheitsblatt -Gesundheitsforschung -Gesundheitsschutz 12 · 2016 1624Tätigkeitsberichte Summary Background and objective The incidence of pneumococcal diseases among adults increases with age. Therefore, Germany's Standing Committee on Vaccination (Ständige Impfkommission, STIKO) has since 1998 recommended vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for all people aged ≥60 years. PPSV23 has been the only pneumococcal vaccine licensed for adults until few years ago. Universal pneumococcal vaccination of infants, using a conjugate vaccine, has been recommended by STIKO since 2006. Since then, pneumococcal serotypes contained in conjugate vaccines have declined among cases of pneumococcal disease not only in children, but -through herd protection -also in older adults. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), currently used for most infants in Germany, has now been approved for use in adults as well. Data on the efficacy of PCV13 against clinical endpoints in older adults was published in 2015. For that reason, STIKO investigated whether one of the two vaccines (or the combination of both) should be preferred in order to reduce the burden of pneumococcal diseases in older adults, and at what age the vaccine should be given. Efficacy against invasive pneumococcal diseasesPooled data from 4 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of PPSV23 in older adults show an efficacy of 73 % against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by any serotype (95 % confidence interval [CI], 10-92 %). The IPD cases in these studies were mostly caused by one of the 23 serotypes contained in the vaccine. The efficacy of PCV13 in older adults was investigated in one RCT. Efficacy against IPD by any serotype was 49 % (95 % CI, 21-67 %, modified-intention-to-treat analysis). Efficacy against IPD by the 13 serotypes contained in the vaccine (VT-IPD) was 76 % (95 % CI, 47-90 %). Efficacy against pneumococcal pneumoniaAfter exclusion of 2 RCTs with a high risk of bias, pooled efficacy of PPSV23 against pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) caused by any serotype in the remaining 2 RCTs was 64 % (95 % CI, 35-80 %). In the included observational studies, pooled efficacy ranged from 37 % to 53 %, with broadly overlapping CIs, depending on study type. The efficacy of PCV13 against PP caused by any serotype was 22 % (95 % CI, 2-39 %), and against VT-PP it was 38 % (95 % CI, 14-55 %). Anticipated epidemiological and health economic effectsThe above-mentioned studies do not provide clear evidence of a difference between the two vaccines regarding efficacy against clinical endpoints (IPD, PP) caused by the serotypes contained in the respective vaccine. In the 2015-'16 season, 70 % of IPD cases in people aged ≥60 years were caused by PPSV23 serotypes, but only 30 % by PCV13 serotypes. Because PPSV23 contains all the serotypes in PCV13 (except for serotype 6A), vaccination with PPSV23 confers broader serotype coverage and can thereby prevent ...

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“…3). The levels of SSURE [1][2][3][4][5] and SSURE 2ϩ3 binding to immobilized hTSP-1 were comparable when used in similar molecular ratios (related to immobilized hTSP-1). In contrast, the SSURE 2 protein, representing a single repeat of PavB, showed a very low level of hTSP-1 binding (Fig.…”

Section: Repeating Structures Of Pavb and Pspc Are Involved In Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to the ELISA approach, all PavB-SSURE-proteins bound dosedependently to immobilized hTSP-1 in a micromolar range. The association of SSURE [1][2][3][4][5] and SSURE 2 to hTSP-1 was comparable; however, a 5-fold higher concentration of SSURE 2ϩ3 had to be used to reach a similar level of binding as measured for Proteins were detected using a specific polyclonal mouse anti-SSURE 2ϩ3 antibody or a monoclonal mouse anti-penta-His antibody and an alkaline phosphatase-coupled secondary anti-mouse antibody. D, SDS-PAGE of heterologously expressed PspC2 (SH2, SH3, SM1) and PspC3 (SH13) fragments stained with CBB R250 and corresponding immunoblots.…”

Section: Kinetics Of Pavb and Pspc Binding To Htsp-1 As Analyzed By Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colonization of mucosal surfaces with S. pneumoniae is often transient and asymptomatically. Especially children under the age of five, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals exhibit enhanced colonization rates (1,2). Besides its role as a commensal, pneumococci are also major facultative human pathogens causing disease patterns ranging from mild local infections, such as otitis media or sinusitis, to more severe, life-threatening infections like pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis (3,4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pneumococcal Adhesins PavB and PspC Are Important for the Interplay with Human Thrombospondin-1

Binsker

Kohler

Krauel

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae interacts with matricellular human thrombospondin-1 (hTSP-1), facilitating adhesion to and invasion into host cells. Results: Pneumococcal surface proteins PavB and PspC bind hTSP-1 specifically. Conclusion: PavB and PspC are important hTSP-1 adhesins of Gram-positive pneumococci. Significance: This study demonstrates the importance of pneumococcal adhesins for hTSP-1-mediated host-pathogen interactions.

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A longitudinal household study of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in a UK setting

Cited by 172 publications

References 31 publications

Trends in incidence of pneumococcal disease before introduction of conjugate vaccine: South West England, 1996–2005

Trends in incidence of pneumococcal disease before introduction of conjugate vaccine: South West England, 1996–2005

Background paper to the updated pneumococcal vaccination recommendation for older adults in Germany

Pneumococcal Adhesins PavB and PspC Are Important for the Interplay with Human Thrombospondin-1

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