A Longitudinal Study of Maternal Depression And Preschool Children??s Mental Health

Gross, Deborah; Conrad, Barbara; Fogg, Louis; Willis, Lucy; Garvey, Christine

doi:10.1097/00006199-199503000-00006

Cited by 55 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…[59][60][61][62] Longitudinal studies have revealed that chronic maternal depression from the time of a child's birth, as well as concurrent reports of maternal depression, are associated with more child behavior problems. 63,64 Based on the high mean levels of depressive symptoms reported by both groups of caregivers in our study, non-exposed and cocaine-exposed children appear to be at risk for poor behavioral outcomes.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Caregiver-Reported Behavior Problems in Cocaine-Exposed Children at 3 Years

Warner

Behnke

Hou

et al. 2006

Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics

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Predictors of caregiver-reported behavior problems for 3-year-olds with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and matched controls were examined using structural equation modeling. We tested whether PCE had a direct effect on child behavior problems in a model that included other prenatal drug exposure, child sex, caregiver depression, and the quality of the child's home environment. The sample (N = 256) was drawn from a longitudinal, prospective study of children of (predominantly crack) cocaine-using women and controls matched on race, socioeconomic status, parity, and pregnancy risk. Child Behavior Problems was modeled as a latent variable composed of the 48-item Conners' Parent Report Scale Conduct Problem and ImpulsiveHyperactive scales and the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory Intensity scale. Caregiver depression was the only significant predictor of Child Behavior Problems. Mean levels of caregiver selfreported depression and reported child behavior problems did not differ between groups. Mean depression scores were well above the recommended clinical cutoff while mean child behavior problems scores were within normal limits. The model explained 21% of the variance in caregiver-reported child behavior problems in our sample of rural African American, low SES youngsters. Non-maternal caregivers of cocaine-exposed children had significantly lower mean depression scores and mean child behavior problems ratings for 2 of 3 scales used in the study compared to biological mothers of children with PCE and controls. For all groups, much larger proportions of children were rated as having clinically significant behavior problems than would be expected based on the prevalence of behavior problems in the general population.Since the coining of the term "crack baby" in the 1980s, dire predictions have been made about the developmental outcomes of children with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). These premature forecasts were based, in part, on research conducted using animal models in which considerable deleterious effects of PCE on offspring were found as well as in case reports and clinical studies of polydrug users. Early controlled studies of neonates and young infants with PCE did indicate difficulties with state and behavioral regulation including problems with alertness, orientation, irritability, and arousal-modulated attention which raised the concern that these children could be at risk for externalizing behavior problems in the future. 1 While well-designed prospective studies in humans during the past decade have yielded more equivocal results, most studies have been consistent with the conclusion that PCE exerts clinically subtle but statistically significant effects that could result in considerable costs to society. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThe literature on child behavior problems in children with PCE, as with other developmental outcomes, is plagued by conflicting findings. Not one of seven published studies using parent-report measures of behavior probl...

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Caregiver-Reported Behavior Problems in Cocaine-Exposed Children at 3 Years

Warner

Behnke

Hou

et al. 2006

Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics

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“…Cognitive characteristics such as a positive and coherent self-concept, a positive attribution-style, and effective coping and problem-solving abilities have been associated with good outcomes among children in general and among children with depressed mothers in particular Downey & Walker, 1989;Radke-Yarrow et al, 1995) Child gender also appears to be an important and potentially complex moderating factor in the relationship of parental mental illness and child outcome. Some studies have shown that girls are more adversely affected than boys by a parent's depression (Davies & Windle, 1997;Hops, 1996), while other studies have shown that boys fare worse (Gross, Conrad, Fogg, Willis, & Garvey, 1995). Studies also show that girls and boys may show divergent responses, with girls more likely to develop depression, and boys more likely to show conduct problems (Cummings & Davies, 1994).…”

Section: Moderators Of the Relationship Between Parent Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Issues for Parents with Mental Illness and their Families

Nicholson¹,

Biebel²,

Hinden³

et al. 2001

PsycEXTRA Dataset

100

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“…Field, 1998;Gross, Conrad, Fogg, Willis, & Garvey, 1995). One possible mechanism for these associations involves problematic mother -child interactions based on parenting deficits associated with depressive disorder (Jameson, Gelfand, Kulcsar, & Teti, 1997;Lang et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Depression and Parenting: Implications for Children's Emergent Emotion Regulation and Behavioral Functioning

2006

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SYNOPSISObjective. We investigated the role of mothers' elevated depressive symptoms on scaffolding and availability to assist preschool children's regulatory development. Design. A sample of 208 3-year-olds and their mothers was drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study and followed to child age 4. Maternal scaffolding behaviors and children's emotion regulation competencies were assessed using behavioral coding schemes applied to observations of structured laboratory tasks, and maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems were based on parental reports. Results. Mothers who reported depressive symptoms above an established threshold at child age 3 had children who exhibited greater dysregulation and behavior problems at age 4. Depressed mothers were less effective at providing emotional, motivational, and technical scaffolding. Mothers who scaffolded less effectively, regardless of depression status, had children who were more emotionally dysregulated with more behavior problems by age 4. Scaffolding did not mediate maternal depression and child dysregulation. Conclusions. Maternal depression constitutes a risk factor for ineffective scaffolding, and scaffolding during the preschool period is related to children's emotional and behavioral competence.

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A Longitudinal Study of Maternal Depression And Preschool Children??s Mental Health

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Predicting Caregiver-Reported Behavior Problems in Cocaine-Exposed Children at 3 Years

Predicting Caregiver-Reported Behavior Problems in Cocaine-Exposed Children at 3 Years

Critical Issues for Parents with Mental Illness and their Families

Maternal Depression and Parenting: Implications for Children's Emergent Emotion Regulation and Behavioral Functioning

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