A longitudinal study of policy effect (smoke-free legislation) on smoking norms: ITC Scotland/United Kingdom

Effect of smoke-free patio policy of restaurants and bars on exposure to second-hand smoke

“…Another longitudinal study assessing the effects of local restaurant smoking regulations on anti-smoking attitudes in the United States reported positive association between having a strong local regulation and making a quit attempt at follow-up among adult-smokers who already made a quit attempt at baseline (Albers et al, 2007). Beyond the primary benefits of reduced SHS exposure and promoting smoking cessation behaviors, evidence also suggests that smoke-free legislation may positively influence societal norms about tobacco use (Albers et al, 2004(Albers et al, , 2007Brown et al, 2009;Fong et al, 2006). In addition, previous studies have shown that smoke-free policy may encourage positive behavioural change in other settings, referred to as norm spreading (Cheng, Glantz and Lightwood, 2011;Cheng et al, 2015).…”

Population Support Before and After the Implementation of Smoke-Free Laws in the United States: Trends From 1992–2007

“…Therefore, a likely explanation is that states that already have higher support are more likely to implement smoke-free laws. 19 Also, increases in support for smoke-free laws and the implementation of smoke-free laws may both be the reflection of a process of denormalization of smoking 3,5,6,20 that may be more present in some states than in others. It seems reasonable to think that there is not a single explanation for the larger increase in support in states that implemented a smoke-free law than in states that did not, but that a combination of the above described explanations is true.…”

Contrasting Smokers' and Snus Users' Perceptions of Personal Tobacco Behavior in Norway

“…Smoking bans improve the physical environment and influence the social environment by changing smoking behaviour and social norms in relation to smoking (IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention, 2009;Vuolo, 2012). Regulating smoking by legislation and restriction is considered an effective way of denormalizing smoking behaviour (Bell, Salmon, Bowers, Bell, & McCullough, 2010;Brown, Moodie, & Hastings, 2009). Introduction of smoking bans in bars and restaurants directly changes the smoker's social life because they must either refrain from smoking in such places or leave the facility to smoke.…”