2003
DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00452-9
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A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury

Abstract: A longitudinal cohort study of 100 people with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed to determine the prevalence and severity of different types of pain (musculoskeletal, visceral, neuropathic at-level, neuropathic below-level) at 5 years following SCI. Prospective data on the characteristics of pain up to 6 months following injury had been collected previously and allowed comparisons between the presence of pain at different time points. In addition, we sought to determine the relationship between … Show more

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Cited by 868 publications
(816 citation statements)
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“…The presence of at-level SCI pain is suggested by characteristics such as: 4,5,9,16,20,21 Sensory deficits within the pain distribution Allodynia or hyperalgesia within the pain distribution Endorsement of one or more of the following pain descriptors: 'hot-burning' , 'tingling' , 'pricking' , 'pins and needles' , 'sharp' , 'shooting' , 'squeezing' , 'painful cold' and 'electric shock-like' Pain occurring in a segmental pattern as described above, which is thought to be due to syringomyelia, should be classified as at-level SCI pain or, more specifically (using tier 3 entries), at-level SCI pain due to/associated with syringomyelia. Note that the current NLI often is higher than the original NLI in patients who develop syringomyelia following a SCI.…”
Section: Nociceptive Pain Typesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The presence of at-level SCI pain is suggested by characteristics such as: 4,5,9,16,20,21 Sensory deficits within the pain distribution Allodynia or hyperalgesia within the pain distribution Endorsement of one or more of the following pain descriptors: 'hot-burning' , 'tingling' , 'pricking' , 'pins and needles' , 'sharp' , 'shooting' , 'squeezing' , 'painful cold' and 'electric shock-like' Pain occurring in a segmental pattern as described above, which is thought to be due to syringomyelia, should be classified as at-level SCI pain or, more specifically (using tier 3 entries), at-level SCI pain due to/associated with syringomyelia. Note that the current NLI often is higher than the original NLI in patients who develop syringomyelia following a SCI.…”
Section: Nociceptive Pain Typesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 As classifications are built upon definitions, and prevalences of pain types are calculated based upon identified defined pain types, it should not be surprising that there are widely varying estimates of the prevalence of various types of pain after SCI. For example, the prevalence of visceral pain has been estimated to be in the range from 5 to 34%, [3][4][5] whereas the prevalence of neuropathic pain thought to be due to spinal cord damage and experienced below the level of injury has been estimated to be anywhere from 14 to 40%. [4][5][6][7] Some of the variance in the reported prevalences is presumably due to methodological aspects of study design, for example, the time that has elapsed since injury at the point when a question on the presence of pain is asked, the threshold of intensity or discomfort at which pain or severe pain is defined, and questionnaire response rates or skewed population sampling.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Describing and quantifying these sensory modalities may allow better documentation of recovery and also may identify pain syndromes. Neuropathic pain occurs in >80% of people after SCI,9 but little is known about this problem in dogs with naturally occurring SCI beyond a recognition that post‐injury self mutilation may occur as a consequence of neuropathic pain 17…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…More recently, sensory testing has been refined by quantifying thermal and mechanical thresholds (quantitative sensory testing, QST). The data generated provide important information on the recovery of sensory function and allow quantification of neuropathic pain, a common consequence of SCI in people 9. This type of testing is challenging in pet dogs because of individual differences in behavioral responses, and the difficulty in interpreting whether a response indicates the threshold of sensation or nociception.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…9 Some work suggests that pain emerges early in the course of recovery and that types of pain vary over time, but that prevalence does not vary by injury level or severity, 10 and is sustained into the chronic phase of injury. 11 A major criticism of pain research is the common use of retrospective methods and associated problems of recall bias. 12,13 Although recommended as a solution to minimizing bias in pain research, 14 few studies in SCI utilize momentary assessments or 'real time capture' of pain.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%