A low cost, disposable cable-shaped Al–air battery for portable biosensors

Fotouhi, Gareth; Ogier, Caleb; Kim, Jong Hoon; Kim, Sooyeun; Cao, Guozhong; Shen, Amy Q.; Kramlich, John C.; Chung, Jae Hyun

doi:10.1088/0960-1317/26/5/055011

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A submerging test was carried out and it was found that the cable‐type lithium–air battery could effectively power a commercial LED in water. Inspired by this design, a cable‐type aluminum–air battery was also proposed in recent studies . Compared with the sandwich structure, the cable‐type design possesses high tensile strength in the twisted state and has extreme omnidirectional flexibility, which ensures their potential use in flexible electronic devices.…”

Section: Prototype Flexible Metal–air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Metal–Air Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

et al. 2017

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rigidity and bulk. Consequently, ideal flexible energy storage and conversion systems should be stable when undergoing frequent mechanical strain, such as bending, twisting, and other deformation modes on a long-term basis. In addition to the mechanical properties, security is paramount and cannot be ignored, especially under various deformation conditions.In response, much progress has been made to develop high-performance flexible energy storage and conversion systems in the past few years, for example, solar cells, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] flexible chemical batteries, [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and flexible supercapacitors, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] to meet the aesthetic demands of flexible electronic. Among the various types of flexible energy storage and conversion systems, the lithium-ion battery is most widely used and recognized due to its relatively high energy density. Though the battery performance has been greatly improved compared with its first generation introduced by Sony, [36,37] the energy density still cannot satisfy the energy requirements of advanced electronic devices. Obviously, the development of lightweight, high-energy-density flexible energy storage and conversion systems for future flexible electronics is highly significant. Among the various energy storage and conversion systems, metal-air (metaloxygen) batteries have been identified as suitable candidates since the exhausted material (oxygen) is stored outside the battery. This endows these systems with high energy density and they could therefore meet the requirements of advanced electronic devices. [37][38][39][40] Different from the intercalation and conversion reactions of commercial lithium-ion batteries, metalair batteries are based on the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen-evolution reaction (OER), and usually operate in an open system. Depending on the anode that is used, metal-air batteries can be divided into zinc-air, aluminum-air, lithiumair, potassium-air, sodium-air, and so on. The theoretical specific energies, volumetric energy densities, and nominal theoretical cell voltages of the various metal anodes in metal-air batteries are shown in Figure 1. [41][42][43][44] Due to the extreme sensitivity toward water, lithium-air, potassium-air, and sodium-air batteries are often operated nonaqueous systems, and therefore batteries can operate in a high voltage platform. Different from nonaqueous system, the magnesium, aluminum, zinc, and iron anodes are all compatible with aqueous electrolytes and have energy densities comparable to lithium-air batteries, and have also been widely investigated; here, we label them as aqueous systems. In addition, it should be noted that a hydrophobic protecting layer is also needed in the aqueous Flexible metal-air batteries, which are a promising candidate for implantation in wearable or rolling-up electronic devices, have attracted much attention recently due to their relatively high energy density. Various flexible metalair batteries have been developed recently, i...

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Section: Prototype Flexible Metal–air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Metal–Air Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

et al. 2017

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“…Xu et al developed a fiber‐shaped AAB based on a silver nanoparticle‐coated CNT air cathode and a spring‐like Al anode, which achieved a high specific capacity of 935 mAh g −1 and a high energy density of 1168 Wh kg −1 at 0.5 mA cm −2 . In addition, Fotouhi et al designed a low cost, disposable fiber‐shaped AAB for portable point‐of‐care diagnostic devices, which could be on‐demand activated by absorbing buffer solutions (PBS) and alkaline solutions, with a power of over 1.5 mW. Because thermodynamically, aluminum cannot be electrodeposited in aqueous electrolytes, these Al‐air batteries are not rechargeable, which has seriously limited their practical applications.…”

Section: Summary Of Fiber‐shaped Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Fiber‐Shaped Batteries with a Focus on Multifunctionality, Scalability, and Technical Difficulties

et al. 2019

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active materials, [13,14] have been made. However, 1D fiber-shaped batteries offer many intriguing features and promising advantages over the conventional bulky or planar structure batteries: 1) fiber-shaped batteries exhibit high compatibility with the current textile industry. Yarn is an essential element of current fabrics, and fiber-shaped batteries can be considered as functional yarn and woven/knitted into an energy textile. 2) The fabric woven/ knitted from fiber-shaped batteries can be air permeable, which solves the problem that most planar structure batteries possess a leather-like feature impermeable to air. 3) Fiber-shaped batteries can be used to fabricate various flexible power sources with unbeatable flexibility, compatibility, and miniaturization potential, providing diverse possibilities.However, the fiber shape adversely results in a few persistent disadvantages: 1) high internal resistance. The long and thin structure of fiber-shaped batteries results in a very high internal resistance, especially considering that a piece of energy storage fabric may be woven from hundreds of meters of fiber-shaped batteries. 2) Difficult fabrication. Short circuiting must be very carefully avoided during fabrication with the long and thin electrode adopted. 3) Difficult set up of the separator. Most of the current reports used a gel electrolyte as the separator. However, considering practical applications, a specific separator cannot be avoided. Setting up a separator film between two long and thin electrodes is much more difficult than setting up a separator film between two planar structured electrodes. 4) Difficult encapsulation. While most of the current reports did not encapsulate the fiber-shaped battery, encapsulating a long and thin device is clearly difficult. 5) Difficult minimization of the thickness. A battery is an electrochemical device with an electrolyte, a separator and two electrodes. With this complicated structure, the current fiber-shaped batteries are usually much thicker than normal yarns. 6) Unsatisfactory mechanical performance of fiber-shaped batteries for weaving with a machine. The tensile strength and surface friction of fiber-shaped batteries are very different from those of traditional yarns. 7) Difficult achievement of yarn texture. With or without encapsulation, fibershaped batteries possess the texture of plastic wire instead of soft and multistrand yarn. These major problems, together with other minor issues, will be further discussed in detail in Section 7.Flexible and wearable energy storage devices are receiving increasing attention with the ever-growing market of wearable electronics. Fiber-shaped batteries display a unique 1D architecture with the merits of superior flexibility, miniaturization potential, adaptability to deformation, and compatibility with the traditional textile industry, which are especially advantageous for wearable applications. In the recent research frontier in the field of fiber-shaped batteries, in addition to higher performance, advances in mult...

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“…Those carbon materials have some unique functions in metal–air batteries because of their special structures and numerous defects. Those carbon materials mainly include carbon nanotubes (CNTs), − carbon nanofibers (CNFs), − graphene, − graphite, and carbon microfibers. , Graphene has been applied as metal-free catalysts or catalyst support in fuel cells. − It has advantages of large surface area, high conductivity, and thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, the graphene is used to fabricate electrodes for metal–air batteries.…”

Section: Air Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Porous Structure on Oxygen Mass Transfer in Air Cathodes of Nonaqueous Metal–Air Batteries: A Mini-review

Wang

Xie

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Among various energy-storage technologies, metal−air batteries are gaining more and more attention since they have super-high-energy density. However, the low rate capacity, poor circularity, and instability of metal−air batteries need to be addressed before they can be implemented in practice. The mass transfer in air cathodes is worth investigating to enhance the development of metal−air batteries. In this Review, we survey the effects of surface area, pore volume, and pore size on the mass transfer in air cathodes. The latest studies of electrode materials and porous structure are reviewed and discussed. Besides, the relationship between electrocatalysts and porous structure are also mentioned. Fundamental advances in developing materials and rational design of porous structures with electrocatalysts are important to enhance mass transfer and further promote metal−air batteries. Based on the discussion of effects of porous structures in air cathodes, some personal views on the advanced design of cathodes are proposed to facilitate the development of metal−air batteries.

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A low cost, disposable cable-shaped Al–air battery for portable biosensors

Cited by 22 publications

References 37 publications

Flexible Metal–Air Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

Flexible Metal–Air Batteries: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

An Overview of Fiber‐Shaped Batteries with a Focus on Multifunctionality, Scalability, and Technical Difficulties

Effects of Porous Structure on Oxygen Mass Transfer in Air Cathodes of Nonaqueous Metal–Air Batteries: A Mini-review

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