A Low-Cost Ethics Shaping Approach for Designing Reinforcement Learning Agents

Abstract

This paper proposes a low-cost, easily realizable strategy to equip a reinforcement learning (RL) agent the capability of behaving ethically. Our model allows the designers of RL agents to solely focus on the task to achieve, without having to worry about the implementation of multiple trivial ethical patterns to follow. Based on the assumption that the majority of human behavior, regardless which goals they are achieving, is ethical, our design integrates human policy with the RL policy to achieve the target objective with less chance of violating the ethical code that human beings normally obey.

AI ethics: the case for including animals

“…The second response is that using AI to perform the driving changes the scenario, in an ethically relevant sense. With image recognition systems and state-of-the-art cameras, it is possible 42 for cars to detect objects in the road earlier, and make decisions 43 such as braking or dodging quickly, thus making it possible to dramatically reduce the number of animals hit. This may not be possible yet, but we believe that it will be in future.…”

“…com/ en-ca/ suppo rt/ topics/ use-your-car/ carfunct ions/ large-animal-detec tion https:// twitt er. com/ waymo/ status/ 13219 59096 37174 8868 43 We speculate that, in the future, such decisions could be done by the AI system making calculations about probabilities of different situations and outcomes, and assign weights to come up with good deci- 44 If hitting an animal is unavoidable, should a self-driving car's system prefer to instantly kill the animal instead of fatally injuring it? We think it should.…”

“…In fact, it is evident that some scholars hold complacent and misguided judgements about ethics, and therefore are likely to develop methods of ethics building in AI that are unfriendly to animals. For example, Wu and Lin, in a paper presented to the 2018 conference of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, proposed an approach to ethics-building in AI systems that is based on "the assumption that under normal circumstances the majority of humans do behave ethically" [43]. Most humans, however, buy factory-farmed animal products, if they are available and affordable for them.…”

Research on Application of Naive Bayes Algorithm Based on Attribute Correlation to Unmanned Driving Ethical Dilemma

“…According to Table 2, the correlation coefficient is 1.60. Firstly, the probability of the straight being protector is calculated by formula (12).…”

“…When a decision made by a machine is an action that mankind thinks should not be done, the machine is punished to minimize the occurrence of such action. Otherwise, the action taken by the machine is encouraged to increase occurrence of such action [12]. Maximilian Geisslinger et al studied how unmanned vehicles make router planning and control decisions in ethical dilemmas from risk ethics theory.…”