A Low‐Cost Hybrid Coordinated Checkpointing Protocol for Mobile Distributed Systems

Abstract

Mobile distributed systems raise new issues such as mobility, low bandwidth of wireless channels, disconnections, limited battery power and lack of reliable stable storage on mobile nodes. In minimum-process coordinated checkpointing, some processes may not checkpoint for several checkpoint initiations. In the case of a recovery after a fault, such processes may rollback to far earlier checkpointed state and thus may cause greater loss of computation. In all-process coordinated checkpointing, the recovery line is advanced for all processes but the checkpointing overhead may be exceedingly high. To optimize both matrices, the checkpointing overhead and the loss of computation on recovery, we propose a hybrid checkpointing algorithm, wherein an all-process coordinated checkpoint is taken after the execution of minimum-process coordinated checkpointing algorithm for a fixed number of times. Thus, the Mobile nodes with low activity or in doze mode operation may not be disturbed in the case of minimum-process checkpointing and the recovery line is advanced for each process after an all-process checkpoint. Additionally, we try to minimize the information piggybacked onto each computation message. For minimum-process checkpointing, we design a blocking algorithm, where no useless checkpoints are taken and an effort has been made to optimize the blocking of processes. We propose to delay selective messages at the receiver end. By doing so, processes are allowed to perform their normal computation, send messages and partially receive them during their blocking period. The proposed minimum-process blocking algorithm forces zero useless checkpoints at the cost of very small blocking.

IMCLA: Performance Evaluation of Integrated Multilevel Checkpointing Algorithms using Checkpointing Efficiency

“…Checkpointing overheads [55], [56], [57], [58] have been discussed by many researchers. An integrated checkpointing algorithm implements in parallel with the essential computation.…”

“…The model described in [56] uses useful work, i.e., computation that contributes to job completion, to measure system performance.…”

Anti-message Logging Based Coordinated Checkpointing Protocol for Deterministic Mobile Computing Systems

“…Deterministic Systems: If two processes start in the same state, and both receive the identical sequence of inputs, they will produce the identical sequence outputs and will finish in the same state. The state of a process is thus completely determined by its starting state and by sequence of messages it has received [23, [24], [25]. Checkpoint Interval (CI): The i th CI of a process denotes all the computation performed between its i th and (i+1) th checkpoint, including the i th checkpoint but not the (i+1) th checkpoint.…”

A Low-overhead Minimum Process Coordinated Checkpointing Algorithm for Mobile Distributed System

“…In order to record a consistent global checkpoint, when a process takes a checkpoint, it asks (by sending checkpoint requests to) all relevant processes to take checkpoints. Therefore, coordinated checkpointing suffers from high overhead associated with the checkpointing process [20], [21], [22], [23]. Much of the previous work [2,3,4,20,21,22,23] in coordinated checkpointing has focused on minimizing the number of synchronization messages and the number of checkpoints during the checkpointing process.…”

“…Therefore, coordinated checkpointing suffers from high overhead associated with the checkpointing process [20], [21], [22], [23]. Much of the previous work [2,3,4,20,21,22,23] in coordinated checkpointing has focused on minimizing the number of synchronization messages and the number of checkpoints during the checkpointing process. However, some algorithms (called blocking algorithm) force all relevant processes in the system to block their computations during the checkpointing process [3,9,21,22,23].…”