A low‐frequency near‐field interferometric‐TOA 3‐D Lightning Mapping Array

Lyu, Fanchao; Cummer, Steven A.; Solanki, Rahulkumar; Weinert, J.; McTague, L. E.; Katko, Alex; Barrett, John P.; Zigoneanu, Lucian; Xie, Yangbo; Wang, Wenqi

doi:10.1002/2014gl061963

Cited by 57 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This 200 m is determined by the 3‐D location error within the LFI‐LMA network [ Lyu et al , ] and is consistent with the distance distribution of all the IBP positions to the dart leader channel (which is a bimodal‐like distribution, with the two groups separated by around 200 m). The minimum distances of all the nodes to the dart leaders in this study have a mean value of 83 m, which is much smaller than the estimated location error.…”

Section: Combining Source Locations From Initial Breakdown Pulses Andmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the past several decades, the main features of intracloud (IC) flashes and the incloud processes during cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were resolved by the development of radio-based lightning mapping arrays operating at either high frequency/very high frequency (HF/VHF) [e.g., Proctor, 1981;Proctor et al, 1988;Mazur, 1989;Rhodes et al, 1994;Shao and Krehbiel, 1996;Rison et al, 1999;Kawasaki et al, 2000;Dong et al, 2002;Qiu et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2012;Stock et al, 2014;Sun et al, 2014] or low frequency (LF) [e.g., Betz et al, 2004;Marshall et al, 2013;Bitzer et al, 2013;Karunarathne et al, 2013;Lyu et al, 2014;Yoshida et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016]. A normal positive IC flash often starts with an initial negative leader that creates an upward channel bridging the negative and positive charge layers then horizontally extends into the two layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imaging lightning intracloud initial stepped leaders by low‐frequency interferometric lightning mapping array

Lyu

Cummer

et al. 2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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By comparing the source position of pulses during initial leaders and the paths of subsequent dart leaders from typical bilevel intracloud (IC) flashes, we demonstrate a new method to image the detailed three‐dimensional (3‐D) structure and stepping dynamics of IC initial leaders. Using this approach, we show that nearly half of the initial breakdown pulses are not involved in the main channel extension but instead originate in nonpropagating branches. The primary upward but significantly tilted initial leader channels propagated with measured mean/median 3‐D step length of 295/265 m and mean/median step interval of 1.05/0.6 ms. The structure and dynamics of IC initial upward negative leaders are distinct from those of highly branched cloud‐to‐ground downward negative leaders. We suggest that the tilted initial leader channel and electric field could affect the observation on leader‐associated high‐energy radiation phenomena, such as the position‐dependent observation of terrestrial gamma ray flashes from space‐based detectors.

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Section: Combining Source Locations From Initial Breakdown Pulses Andmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging lightning intracloud initial stepped leaders by low‐frequency interferometric lightning mapping array

Lyu

Cummer

et al. 2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Lyu et al (, ) developed a total lightning positioning system based on the detection of low‐frequency magnetic fields ( B ; the Low Frequency Near‐Field Interferometric‐TOA 3‐D Lightning Mapping Array). Unlike earlier systems, it does not use the lightning electric field pulse signal for positioning but collects d B /d t (1–100 kHz) and B (100–250 kHz) results in the frequency band 1–400 kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The working frequency of the fast antenna of the Beijing Lightning Network is 1.5 kHz to 2 MHz, and the time error of 1 μs was used to estimate the position error of the system using the Monte Carlo method. Lyu et al (2014Lyu et al ( , 2016 developed a total lightning positioning system based on the detection of lowfrequency magnetic fields (B; the Low Frequency Near-Field Interferometric-TOA 3-D Lightning Mapping Array). Unlike earlier systems, it does not use the lightning electric field pulse signal for positioning but collects dB/dt (1-100 kHz) and B (100-250 kHz) results in the frequency band 1-400 kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method of Three‐Dimensional Location for Low‐Frequency Electric Field Detection Array

Fan

Zhang²,

Zheng

et al. 2018

JGR Atmospheres

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We introduce the empirical mode decomposition algorithm and applied low‐frequency filtering and high‐frequency noise reduction to the waveform of the electric field changes recorded in 1‐ms segments. This algorithm greatly improved the accuracy of the peak time extraction and the number of pulses in the low and very low frequency band, which enhanced the accuracy in positioning the pulse of the electric field change. Compared with the previous algorithm, the algorithm can significantly reduce the time error, giving a better positioning result. With a time error estimate of 100 ns and a limit of goodness of fit less than 5, the number of pulse locations is increased by nearly 7 times. The goodness‐of‐fit distribution of the pulse location results had a normal distribution, and the 95% confidence interval of goodness of fit was 0–4; the corresponding positioning space error was <60 m. The continuity of the lightning channel was significantly improved, and the development characteristics and fine structure of the lightning channel were clearly distinguished. The low‐frequency electric field detection array system gave detailed positioning results for a bolt from the blue lightning strike. By comparing the results from the low‐frequency electric field detection array with the actual lightning strike point, we objectively demonstrated the positioning performance of the new algorithm. The system gave positioning results for the lightning for all seven return strokes. The maximum horizontal distance between the locating point and the real lightning strike point was 57 m, the minimum horizontal distance between them was 3 m, and the mean distance was 27 m.

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“…The direction finding technique typically employs magnetic direction finding (MDF), generally used in the VLF and LF‐MF ranges, or interferometry, generally used in the VHF range (even though it has been used recently in the LF range [ Lyu et al ., ]).…”

Section: Lightning Geolocation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightning locating systems: Insights on characteristics and validation techniques

Nag

Murphy

Schulz

et al. 2015

Earth and Space Science

168

108

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Ground-based and satellite-based lightning locating systems are the most common ways to detect and geolocate lightning. Depending upon the frequency range of operation, LLSs may report a variety of processes and characteristics associated with lightning flashes including channel formation, leader pulses, cloud-to-ground return strokes, M-components, ICC pulses, cloud lightning pulses, location, duration, peak current, peak radiated power and energy, and full spatial extent of channels. Lightning data from different types of LLSs often provide complementary information about thunderstorms. For all the applications of lightning data, it is critical to understand the information that is provided by various lightning locating systems in order to interpret it correctly and make the best use of it. In this study, we summarize the various methods to geolocate lightning, both ground-based and satellite-based, and discuss the characteristics of lightning data available from various sources. The performance characteristics of lightning locating systems are determined by their ability to geolocate lightning events accurately with high detection efficiency and with low false detections and report various features of lightning correctly. Different methods or a combination of methods may be used to validate the performance characteristics of different types of lightning locating systems. We examine these methods and their applicability in validating the performance characteristics of different LLS types.

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A low‐frequency near‐field interferometric‐TOA 3‐D Lightning Mapping Array

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Imaging lightning intracloud initial stepped leaders by low‐frequency interferometric lightning mapping array

Imaging lightning intracloud initial stepped leaders by low‐frequency interferometric lightning mapping array

A New Method of Three‐Dimensional Location for Low‐Frequency Electric Field Detection Array

Lightning locating systems: Insights on characteristics and validation techniques

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