A Low-Loss Load Correction Technique for Self-Healing Power Amplifiers Using a Modified Two-Tap Six-Port Network

Singh, Gagan; Vreede, L.C.N. de

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2021.3096949

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, the worst-case efficiency degradation due to the varying load is only 8.5 % with reference to the 50 Ω loading. In a more advanced implementation, an impedance sensor [4] in combination with a variable gain pre-driver stage can be used to control the main and auxiliary PAs input drive dynamically. Note that in case of fast-changing VSWR conditions, smooth transitions (soft turning on and off the Aux.…”

Section: B Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When considering complex varying loads, ideally a compensating low loss susceptance is placed in parallel to the presented load (see Fig. 1) [4]. However, since these are not yet (commercially) available for larger power levels, an alternative approach is to use a somewhat higher static supply voltage for the auxiliary PAs compared to P A main to accommodate the extra voltage swing, needed to handle reactive part of the loading without any voltage clipping.…”

Section: A Simulation-based Verification Of the Proposed Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid suboptimal PA performance under impedance mismatch, tunable matching networks (TMN) [3] are employed for low-power applications. To reduce the insertion loss of the TMN and to relax the tuning range requirements, a combination of a TMN, supply, and input drive adjustment was proposed in [4]. Supply adjustment was used in [5] for higher power applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PA Output Power and Efficiency Enhancement Across the 2:1 VSWR Circle using Static Active Load Adjustment

Singh

Alavi

Vreede

2023

2023 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2023

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This paper proposes a power amplifier (PA) correction technique to recover from load mismatch. It utilizes a main PA, two auxiliary PAs, and a coupler. By adjusting the input drive levels of the PAs it can recover the output power and to a great extent the efficiency of the main PA even when exposed to 2:1 VSWR mismatch conditions. When connected to 50 Ω loading, only the main PA is active, for impedances below or above 50 Ω, besides the main amplifier, one of the auxiliary PAs is also activated. The power generated by the auxiliary PA adds in phase to the output power of the main PA, as such allowing the output power to be constant at the expense of a minor efficiency penalty.

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Section: B Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Simulation-based Verification Of the Proposed Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

PA Output Power and Efficiency Enhancement Across the 2:1 VSWR Circle using Static Active Load Adjustment

Singh

Alavi

Vreede

2023

2023 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2023

Self Cite

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“…The power detector takes advantage of a dedicated output transformer designed to provide output matching, differential-to-single-ended transformation, and, thanks to the addition of a third extra winding, power sensing capabilities. The work in [7] presents a load-insensitive PA that employs a six-port reflectometer to monitor load mismatch. A test-and-tune iterative algorithm is then employed to find the optimum values of the PA power supply and input drive and to tune a varactor in the matching network.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonintrusive Machine Learning-Based Yield Recovery and Performance Recentering for mm-Wave Power Amplifiers: A Two-Stage Class-A Power Amplifier Case Study

Cilici,

Margalef-Rovira,

Lauga-Larroze

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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State-of-the-art nanometric fabrication processes enable the integration of monolithic millimeter-wave (mm-wave) circuits. However, nanometric technologies are prone to process variations that may significantly impact the performance of the fabricated mm-wave circuits and dramatically reduce the fabrication yield. In order to improve the fabrication yield, extensive resources are required for tuning the functionality of each fabricated die in the production line, especially in the mmwave domain. In this work, we implement and experimentally validate a machine learning-based calibration strategy for mm-wave circuits that significantly simplifies this tuning process. A machine learning algorithm is employed to predict the optimum values of a set of on-chip tuning knobs based on nonintrusive measurements provided by embedded process monitor circuits. The proposed technique is demonstrated on a 69 GHz power amplifier with one-shot calibration capabilities integrated in STMicroelectronics 55 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results on a set of 39 fabricated samples demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed machine learning-based calibration for yield recovery and performance recentering applications.

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“…This design is notable for its tolerance to load mismatch, expanded bandwidth, and a reconfigurable Output Back-Off (OBO) range. Additionally, a plethora of load-insensitive DPAs are introduced in [32], [33], which utilizes variable DC supply voltage and multi-input phase tuning to sustain the PA performance fluctuating load impedance conditions. In summary, it is important to note that the existing solutions are mostly tackling two-way load modulation, which has limited OBO range and back-off efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Hybrid Asymmetrical Load-Modulated Balanced Amplifier With Multiband Reconfigurability and Antenna-VSWR Resilience

Guo,

Cao,

Chen

2024

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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This paper presents the first-ever highly linear and load-insensitive three-way load-modulation power amplifier (PA) based on reconfigurable hybrid asymmetrical load modulated balanced amplifier (H-ALMBA). Through proper amplitude and phase controls, the carrier, control amplifier (CA), and two peaking balanced amplifiers (BA1 and BA2) can form a linear high-order load modulation over wide bandwidth. Moreover, it is theoretically unveiled that the load modulation behavior of H-ALMBA can be insensitive to load mismatch by leveraging bias reconfiguration and the intrinsic load-insensitivity of balanced topology. Specifically, the PA's linearity and efficiency profiles can be maintained against arbitrary load mismatch through ZLdependent reconfiguration of CA supply voltage (VDD,CA) and turning-on sequence of BA1 and BA2. Based on the proposed theory, an RF-input linear H-ALMBA is developed with GaN transistors and wideband quadrature hybrids. Over the design bandwidth from 1.7-2.9 GHz, an efficiency of 56.8%−72.9% at peak power and 49.8%−61.2% at 10-dB PBO are measured together with linear AMAM and AMPM responses. In modulated evaluation with 4G LTE signal, an EVM of 3.1%, ACPR of −39 dB, and average efficiency of up to 52% are measured. Moreover, the reconfigurable H-ALMBA experimentally maintains an excellent average efficiency and linearity against arbitrary load mismatch at 2 : 1 VSWR, and this mismatch-resilient operation can be achieved at any in-band frequencies. The overall measured performance favorably outperforms the state-of-the-art.

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A Low-Loss Load Correction Technique for Self-Healing Power Amplifiers Using a Modified Two-Tap Six-Port Network

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

PA Output Power and Efficiency Enhancement Across the 2:1 VSWR Circle using Static Active Load Adjustment

PA Output Power and Efficiency Enhancement Across the 2:1 VSWR Circle using Static Active Load Adjustment

Nonintrusive Machine Learning-Based Yield Recovery and Performance Recentering for mm-Wave Power Amplifiers: A Two-Stage Class-A Power Amplifier Case Study

Linear Hybrid Asymmetrical Load-Modulated Balanced Amplifier With Multiband Reconfigurability and Antenna-VSWR Resilience

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