A low power multi-frequency current mode lock-in amplifier for impedance sensing

Gu, Jinlong; McFarlane, Nicole

doi:10.1109/i2mtc.2015.7151317

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A current-mode LIA design at a low-voltage, low-power transistor level was discussed in [5], whereas the discussion here is on the HV system-level (operational amplifier [OPAMP] level) circuit design. The current source is I 1 in figure 3, where 0.5 mA ± was simulated.…”

Section: Current-mode Lia Transmitter Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although square waves or other non-sinusoidal waves are used for the detection of resistivity or other types of measurands, [6,9], sinusoidal wave lock-in detection remains the most popular and straightforward contactless resistivity-detection method [4,5,7]. The raw idea behind the MPMC tool proposed in this paper starts from the RSPSC DLIA.…”

Section: Tdm-based Rspsc Dlia Transceivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Legacy contactless resistivity-measurement techniques are based on capacitive or inductive coupling [7,14,15,[33][34][35][36], coherent square [6] or sinusoidal-wave-detection techniques and the lock-in amplifier (LIA) [5]. For several measurands, the frequency division multiplexing (FDM) LIA [4] is leveraged to measure multiple measurands simultaneously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carrier-interleaved orthogonal multi-electrode multi-carrier resistivity-measurement tool

Cai¹,

Sha²

2016

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This paper proposes a new carrier-interleaved orthogonal multi-electrode multi-carrier resistivity-measurement tool used in a cylindrical borehole environment during oil-based mud drilling processes. The new tool is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access-based contactless multi-measurand detection tool. The tool can measure formation resistivity in different azimuthal angles and elevational depths. It can measure many more measurands simultaneously in a specified bandwidth than the legacy frequency division multiplexing multi-measurand tool without a channel-select filter while avoiding inter-carrier interference. The paper also shows that formation resistivity is not sensitive to frequency in certain frequency bands. The average resistivity collected from N subcarriers can increase the measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by N times given no amplitude clipping in the current-injection electrode. If the clipping limit is taken into account, with the phase rotation of each single carrier, the amplitude peak-to-average ratio can be reduced by 3 times, and the SNR can achieve a 9/N times gain over the single-carrier system. The carrierinterleaving technique is also introduced to counter the carrier frequency offset (CFO) effect, where the CFO will cause inter-pad interference. A qualitative analysis and simulations demonstrate that block-interleaving performs better than tone-interleaving when coping with a large CFO. The theoretical analysis also suggests that increasing the subcarrier number can increase the measurement speed or enhance elevational resolution without sacrificing receiver performance. The complex orthogonal multi-pad multi-carrier resistivity logging tool, in which all subcarriers are complex signals, can provide a larger available subcarrier pool than other types of transceivers.

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Section: Current-mode Lia Transmitter Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tdm-based Rspsc Dlia Transceivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carrier-interleaved orthogonal multi-electrode multi-carrier resistivity-measurement tool

Cai¹,

Sha²

2016

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…In the literature, various analog LIA chip architectures have been presented including designs using a single supply, a decrease in supply voltage and power consumption, a reduction in chip area, and exploitation of new architectures to improve performance (Marschner et al 2009;Gnudi et al 1999;Azzolini et al 2008;D'Amico et al 2010;Lee et al 2012;Manickam et al 2012;Kassanos et al 2013;Kassanos et al 2014;Murali et al 2014;Huang and Palermo 2013;Mayahernández et al 2014;Gu and Mcfarlane 2015). Various integrated LIA chips have been developed with a power consumption as low as 207.7 μW (Gu and Mcfarlane 2015) and areas as small as 0.013 mm 2 (Maya-hernández et al 2014). A fully analog readout circuit is thus a suitable solution for miniaturized integrated portable medical devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A portable battery powered microfluidic impedance cytometer with smartphone readout: towards personal health monitoring

Talukder

Furniturewalla

et al. 2017

Biomed Microdevices

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We present a portable system for personalized blood cell counting consisting of a microfluidic impedance cytometer and portable analog readout electronics, feeding into an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and being transmitted via Bluetooth to a user-accessible mobile application. We fabricated a microfluidic impedance cytometer with a novel portable analog readout. The novel design of the analog readout, which consists of a lock-in-amplifier followed by a high-pass filter stage for subtraction of drift and DC offset, and a post-subtraction high gain stage, enables detection of particles and cells as small as 1 μm in diameter, despite using a low-end 8-bit ADC. The lock-in-amplifier and the ADC were set up to receive and transmit data from a Bluetooth module. In order to initiate the system, as well as to transmit all of the data, a user friendly mobile application was developed, and a proof-of-concept trial was run on a blood sample. Applications such as personalized health monitoring require robust device operation and resilience to clogging. It is desirable to avoid using channels comparable in size to the particles being detected thus requiring high levels of sensitivity. Despite using low-end off-the-shelf hardware, our sensing platform was capable of detecting changes in impedance as small as 0.032%, allowing detection of 3 μm diameter particles in a 300 μm wide channel. The sensitivity of our system is comparable to that of a high-end bench-top impedance spectrometer when tested using the same sensors. The novel analog design allowed for an instrument with a footprint of less than 80 cm. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the potential of using microfluidic impedance spectroscopy for low cost health monitoring. We demonstrated the utility of the platform technology towards cell counting, however, our platform is broadly applicable to assaying wide panels of biomarkers including proteins, nucleic acids, and various cell types.

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In tegration of carbon nanostructures on CMOS for lab-on-a-chip sensing

Mamun

Hensley

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

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A low power multi-frequency current mode lock-in amplifier for impedance sensing

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Carrier-interleaved orthogonal multi-electrode multi-carrier resistivity-measurement tool

Carrier-interleaved orthogonal multi-electrode multi-carrier resistivity-measurement tool

A portable battery powered microfluidic impedance cytometer with smartphone readout: towards personal health monitoring

In tegration of carbon nanostructures on CMOS for lab-on-a-chip sensing

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