A low-temperature electrolyte for lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Plichta, Edward J.; Behl, Wishvender K.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00367-0

Cited by 194 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The standard production cells produced by Electrovaya Inc. were found to have a high specific energy of around 210 Wh kg −1 , plus an energy density of 450 Wh dm 3 . The standard cells were found to have a cycle life at room temperature in the region of 250-350 cycles, but the cells did not have good performance at −20 • C. Substitution of the electrolyte with 1.2 M LiPF 6 in 1:1:1 EC + EMC + DEC led to a substantial increase in performance at low temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several groups have reported on the use of various tertiary and quaternary mixtures of solvents in electrolytes for the low temperature operation of lithium-ion batteries. These mixtures usually employ LiPF 6 in different cyclic and aliphatic (symmetric and asymmetric) alkyl carbonates [2][3][4][5]. Ethyl methyl carbonate has been reported to be particularly useful because it can be used to make very low freezing point electrolytes (−55 • C) that have good conductivity.…”

Section: First Batch Of Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solid polymer is gel type, with the electrolyte immobilised by pores in the polymer, so it is more conducting than a true solid-state electrolyte. The production cells have a very high specific energy of around 210 Wh kg −1 and an energy density of 450 Wh dm 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium-ion polymer cells for military applications

Hill¹,

Andrukaitis²

2004

Journal of Power Sources

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Defence R&D Canada (DRDC) is investigating lithium-ion polymer cells for possible future use in army communications and soldier systems, because of their high specific energy. Military operation requires good performance at −20 • C but the standard commercial lithium-ion polymer cells yield only approximately 30% of their room temperature capacity at this temperature. The standard electrolyte is known to be poorly conducting at −20 • C, so DRDC has been working with a Canadian company to produce a cell containing an electrolyte that gives good low temperature performance. Prototype cells have been built and cycled under various conditions. The performance of these cells and the standard cells is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: First Batch Of Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium-ion polymer cells for military applications

Hill¹,

Andrukaitis²

2004

Journal of Power Sources

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“…The asymmetric carbonic ester EMC has been found to be a suitable co-solvent for incorporation into nonaqueous electrolytes to enhance the lowtemperature performance of rechargeable alkali metal-ion batteries (Marshall et al, 2011;Okuno et al, 1996;Plichta and Behl, 2000;Takeuchi et al, 2010). DEC represents an attractive alternative for phosgene as an ethylization and carbonylation reagent in organic synthesis (Leino et al, 2010).…”

Section: Reaction Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Distillation for Multiple-Reaction Systems: Optimisation Study Using an Evolutionary Algorithm

Keller¹,

Dreisewerd²,

Górak³

2013

Chemical and Process Engineering

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Reactive distillation (RD) has already demonstrated its potential to significantly increase reactant conversion and the purity of the target product. Our work focuses on the application of RD to reaction systems that feature more than one main reaction. In such multiple-reaction systems, the application of RD would enhance not only the reactant conversion but also the selectivity of the target product. The potential of RD to improve the product selectivity of multiple-reaction systems has not yet been fully exploited because of a shortage of available comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies. In the present article, we want to theoretically identify the full potential of RD technology in multiple-reaction systems by performing a detailed optimisation study. An evolutionary algorithm was applied and the obtained results were compared with those of a conventional stirred tank reactor to quantify the potential of RD to improve the target product selectivity of multiple-reaction systems. The consecutive transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with ethanol to form ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate was used as a case study.

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“…Poor lithium-ion battery performance under cold climates is therefore studied [84,86,87] which can be summarised from four factors: 1) low conductivity of the electrolyte and solid electrolyte interface on the electrode surface [88,89]; 2) declined solid-state Li diffusivity [80,84]; 3) high polarisation of the graphite anode [76,90]; and 4) the sluggish kinetics and transport processes caused by increased charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte-electrode interfaces [80,84]. Three contributing factors of a PHEV lithium-ion battery impact of low ambient temperature at -7°C and 0°C have been quantified [82].…”

Section: Sub-zero Temperature Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles

Wang

Jiang

et al. 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

812

246

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Power train electrification is promoted as a potential alternative to reduce carbon intensity of transportation. Lithium-ion batteries are found to be suitable for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs), and temperature control on lithium batteries is vital for long-term performance and durability. Unfortunately, battery thermal management (BTM) has not been paid close attention partly due to poor understanding of battery thermal behaviour. Cell performance change dramatically with temperature, but it improves with temperature if a suitable operating temperature window is sustained. This paper provides a review on two aspects that are battery thermal model development and thermal management strategies. Thermal effects of lithium-ion batteries in terms of thermal runaway and response under cold temperatures will be studied, and heat generation methods are discussed with aim of performing accurate battery thermal analysis. In addition, current BTM strategies utilised by automotive suppliers will be reviewed to identify the imposing challenges and critical gaps between research and practice. Optimising existing BTMs and exploring new technologies to mitigate battery thermal impacts are required, and efforts in prioritising BTM should be made to improve the temperature uniformity across the battery pack, prolong battery lifespan, and enhance the safety of large packs.

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A low-temperature electrolyte for lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 194 publications

References 5 publications

Lithium-ion polymer cells for military applications

Lithium-ion polymer cells for military applications

Reactive Distillation for Multiple-Reaction Systems: Optimisation Study Using an Evolutionary Algorithm

A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles

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