A Lower-Extremities Kinematic Comparison of Deep-Water Running Styles and Treadmill Running

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to identify a deep-water running (DWR) style that most closely approximates terrestrial running, particularly relative to the lower extremities. Twenty intercollegiate distance runners (women, N = 12; men, N = 8) were videotaped from the right sagittal view while running on a treadmill (TR) and in deep water at 55-60% of their TR VO(2)max using 2 DWR styles: cross-country (CC) and high-knee (HK). Variables of interest were horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) displacement of the knee and ankle, stride rate (SR), VO(2), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Multivariate omnibus tests revealed statistically significant differences for RPE (p < 0.001). The post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences between TR and both DWR styles (p < 0.001). The kinematic variables multivariate omnibus tests were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001 to p < 0.019). The post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in SR (p < 0.001) between TR (1.25 +/- 0.08 Hz) and both DWR styles and also between the CC (0.81 +/- 0.08 Hz) and HK (1.14 +/- 0.10 Hz) styles of DWR. The CC style of DWR was found to be similar to TR with respect to linear ankle displacement, whereas the HK style was significantly different from TR in all comparisons made for ankle and knee displacement. The CC style of DWR is recommended as an adjunct to distance running training if the goal is to mimic the specificity of the ankle linear horizontal displacement of land-based running, but the SR will be slower at a comparable percentage of VO(2)max.

Reprodutibilidade de um protocolo de esforço durante a corrida em piscina funda

“…Mercer e Jensen (1997) analisaram a reprodutibilidade e validade de um protocolo de corrida em piscina funda em uma amostra de homens e mulheres adultos, encontrando similaridade para as respostas do VO 2 pico e FC entre sucessivos testes de DWR (p > .05), além de boas correlações (.74 − .94). Estudos comparativos da corrida em meio aquático versus terrestre são comuns (Killgore, Wilcox, Caster, & Wood, 2006;Phillips, Legge & Jones, 2008), entretanto a riqueza de detalhes Silva, L.S. Oliveira, M.F.…”

EMG activity of hip and trunk muscles during deep-water running

“…Many studies have specifically examined the physiological specificities of DWR as described above, and a few investigated the kinematic specificity (Moening et al, 1993;Killgore et al, 2006;Kilding et al, 2007). They described that DWR has forward inclination of the upper body and large flexion and range of motion (ROM) of hip and knee joint.…”

“…Exercise prescriptions would be better adapted as a rehabilitation exercise for safety and effectiveness if more knowledge were available concerning the muscle activity dynamics that occur during DWR. Previous studies investigating kinematics and muscle activity during DWR were conducted on the basis of subjects' self-determined paces (Moening et al, 1993;Kaneda et al, 2008b) or previously-determined paces (Killgore et al, 2006;Kilding et al, 2007). However, it is difficult to accurately determine physical and physiological intensity individually during exercise by instructors (Evans et al, 1978;Green et al, 1990), especially in a group water exercise program.…”

Maximal and submaximal physiological responses to adaptation to deep water running

“…However, to promote a graded exercise test a T-tube was used in an effort to maintain stride length and progressively increase stride frequency as the reduction in stride length during a graded protocol has been suggested to prevent the achievement of maximal values in DWR (Reilly et al, 2003). A recent study (Killgore et al, 2006) has identified that although different DWR techniques (cross-country and highknee) affect biomechanical parameters, they promote similar physiological stimulus.…”

“…However, in the study of Killgore et al (2006) individuals were only exposed to a short period of adaptation (3 sessions of 30 min). Some adapted individuals in the present study have reported that the technique during the test was slightly different from the technique learned from the instructor during the classes, which may have affected the results.…”