A &lt;inline-formula&gt; &lt;tex-math notation="LaTeX"&gt;$2\times (4)\times 128$ &lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; Multitime-Gated SPAD Line Detector for Pulsed Raman Spectroscopy

Nissinen, Ilkka; Nissinen, Jan; Keränen, Pekka; Lansman, A.-K; Holma, Jouni; Kostamovaara, J.

doi:10.1109/jsen.2014.2361610

Cited by 32 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) are solid-state detectors used for applications requiring high timing resolution and single photon sensitivity, including positron emission tomography (PET) [1][2][3][4][5], fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [6,7], Raman spectroscopy [8,9], optical communication [10,11] and 3D ranging [12][13][14]. In clinical PET, time-of-flight (ToF) improves the positron-electron annihilation localization along the line of response resulting in a better contrast to noise ratio in the reconstructed image [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

et al. 2018

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This paper presents a new quenching circuit (QC) and single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) implemented in TSMC CMOS 65 nm technology. The QC was optimized for single photon timing resolution (SPTR) with a view to an implementation in a 3D digital SiPM. The presented QC has a timing jitter of 4 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the SPAD and QC has a 7.8 ps FWHM SPTR. The QC adjustable threshold allows timing resolution optimization as well as SPAD excess voltage and rise time characterization. The adjustable threshold, hold-off and recharge are essential to optimize the performances of each SPAD. This paper also provides a better understanding of the different contributions to the SPTR. A study of the contribution of the SPAD excess voltage variation combined to the QC time propagation delay variation is presented. The proposed SPAD and QC eliminates the SPAD excess voltage contribution to the SPTR for excess voltage higher than 1 V due to its fixed time propagation delay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

et al. 2018

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“…Timing may be achieved using TDCs less commonly, using TACs. In the former case, the reference signal for timing is typically provided by an internal gated ring oscillator [61], a delay line [62], or a global high frequency clock [63]. The output is a digital time code representing the time of arrival of (typically) the first detected photon.…”

Section: A Dtof Spads With Integrated Photon Timingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Time-of-Flight Single-Photon Imaging

Gyöngy

Dutton

Henderson

2022

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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This paper provides a tutorial introduction to the direct Time of Flight (dToF) signal chain and typical artifacts introduced due to detector and processing electronic limitations. We outline the memory requirements of embedded histograms related to desired precision and detectability which are often the limiting factor in the array resolution. A survey of integrated CMOS dToF arrays is provided highlighting future prospects to further scaling through process optimization or smart embedded processing. Index Terms-direct time-of-flight (dTOF), light detection and ranging (LiDAR), single photon avalanche diode (SPAD), silicon photo multiplier (SiPM), CMOS Image Sensor (CIS), SPAD array, 3D ranging

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“…Raman measurements were done with a time-gated experimental Raman spectrometer equipped with a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector. [6][7][8] An experimental 532 nm pulsed laser was used for sample illumination. The pulsed micro-chip laser was based on a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) having a pulse width (full width at half maximum) and energy of approximately 150 ps and 0.2 µJ, respectively.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of time-gated Raman spectroscopy for the determination of nitric, sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid concentrations in pickle liquor

Heilala

Mäkinen

Nissinen

et al. 2018

Microchemical Journal

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The focus of this study was to assess the feasibility of time-gated Raman spectroscopy for stainless steel pickle liquor acid quantification. Pickle liquor is used for dissolving metal surface impurities during the pickling process. The pickle liquor samples consisted mainly of 11 -89 g/L HNO3, 20 -160 g/L H2SO4, 5 -57 g/L HF and stainless steel residue. Raman peaks correlating with the different acids were identified in both aqueous and pickle liquor solutions. The linearity between Raman scattering intensity and acid concentration was studied. Multivariate PLSR calibration for pickle liquor HNO3, H2SO4 and HF quantification was also investigated. Time-gated Raman spectroscopy was found to be a promising technique for pickle liquor HNO3 and H2SO4 quantification.

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A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times (4)\times 128$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Multitime-Gated SPAD Line Detector for Pulsed Raman Spectroscopy

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

Direct Time-of-Flight Single-Photon Imaging

Evaluation of time-gated Raman spectroscopy for the determination of nitric, sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid concentrations in pickle liquor

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