A Lytic Providencia rettgeri Virus of Potential Therapeutic Value Is a Deep-Branching Member of the T5virus Genus

Abstract

is emerging as a new opportunistic pathogen with high antibiotic resistance. The need to find alternative methods to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the recent advances in phage therapy motivate the search for new phages able to infect spp. This study describes the isolation and characterization of an obligatory lytic phage, vB_PreS_PR1 (PR1), with therapeutic potential against drug-resistant PR1 is a siphovirus. Its virion DNA size (118,537 bp), transcriptional organization, terminal repeats (10,461 bp), and nicks in the 3'-to-5' strand are similar to those of phage T5. However, sequence similarities of PR1 to phages of the genus at the DNA and protein levels are limited, suggesting that it belongs to a new species within the family. PR1 exhibits the ability to kill antibiotic-resistant strains, is highly specific to the species, and did not present known genomic markers indicating a temperate lifestyle. The lack of homologies between its proteins and proteins of the only other sequenced prophage, Redjac, suggests that these two phages evolved separately and may target different host proteins. The alarming increase in the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics has been observed worldwide. This is particularly true for Gram-negative bacteria. For certain of their strains, no effective antibiotics are available. sp. has been a neglected pathogen but is emerging as a multidrug-resistant bacterium. This has revived interest in bacteriophages as alternative therapeutic agents against this bacterium. We describe the morphological, physiological, and genomic characterization of a novel lytic virus, PR1, which is able to kill drug-resistant clinical isolates. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that PR1 is a distant relative of genus representatives. The lack of known virulence- or temperate lifestyle-associated genes in the genome of PR1 makes this phage a potential candidate for therapeutic use. Analysis of its genome also improves our knowledge of the ecology and diversity of T5-like siphoviruses, providing a new link for evolutionary studies of this phage group.

A Tailspike with Exopolysaccharide Depolymerase Activity from a New Providencia stuartii Phage Makes Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Susceptible to Serum-Mediated Killing

“…We have recently isolated a P. rettgeri-infecting phage (vB_PrtS_PR1) (22). The current study expands the repertoire of phages infecting Providencia hosts with a novel podovirus (vB_PstP_Stuart, further referred to as Stuart) infecting multidrug-resistant isolates of P. stuartii species.…”

Discovery of Three Toxic Proteins of Klebsiella Phage fHe-Kpn01

“…The presence of a third peak in the output of PhageTerm was noticed, besides the two peaks indicating the termini of the genome ( Figure S3). An excess of sequencing reads was previously used as an indicator for localized single-stranded interruptions, also known as nicks, in the genome of some podoviruses [61,62] and siphovirus PR1 [63]. The DNA library of fHe-Kpn01, which was used for the sequencing of the phage genome, was prepared by mechanical shearing of the DNA.…”

Phage T5 two-step injection

“…Members of the Type 1 group have many small differences between themselves, yet the difference between Type 1 and Types 2 and 3 is more profound since in Types 2 and 3 the entire region corresponding to the T5 region ORFp011 to ORFp015 is missing and is replaced by other nucleotide sequences containing ORFs that are read in the opposite direction to those of T5 ( Fig.1). The Type 4 phage, PR1, is very different from the others and Oliveira et al (18) suggest that PR1 forms to a new species within the Siphoviridae family. The newly isolated phage Stubb is tentatively assigned to Type 4 and this is supported by the pattern of its iss region (discussed below).…”