“…1,4,6,7,12,16,17 Even when actual data is utilized, it is difficult to verify the reliability of data collection through analog handwritten data, such as noon reports or logbooks. 5,10,18,19 Furthermore, most recent work on predicting ship engine performance has focused on fully combustion phases with constant engine speed, 3,5,19,20 or failed to take engine speed conditions into account. 18 Notably, research on low-speed conditions and transient regions, which are particularly challenging to predict, is inadequate.…”