“…Airports have embraced digital change, whether it is encoding analogue information into a digital format or using technologies to alter and add value to existing processes and functions. For some, change is now being driven by current or emerging technologies such as augmented reality ( Eschen, 2018 ), Big Data Analytics ( Mullan, 2019 ), blockchain ( Di Vaio and Varriale, 2020 ), cloud computing ( Amadeus, 2014 ), cognitive computing ( Herrema et al, 2019 ; Sadjadi and Jarrah, 2011 ), cybersecurity ( ACI, 2020 ), systems integration ( Stocking et al, 2009 ), the Internet of Things ( Mariani et al, 2019 ; Zmud et al, 2018 ) and virtual modelling and simulation ( Ørsted, 2019 ). These technologies allow airports to develop systems that monitor, visualise and respond to digital processes and functions in real-time, and as part of a wider ecosystem that connects all stakeholders ( Halpern et al, 2021 ).…”