“…Indeed, recent studies demonstrated that RICK is specifically required for NOD1 and NOD2 signaling, but not for TLR pathways . In vitro studies indicated that multiple bacteria including Shigella flexneri (Girardin et al, 2003a), entero-invasive Escherichia coli (Kim et al, 2004), Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Opitz et al, 2005), Campylobacter jejuni (Zilbauer et al, 2007), and Listeria monocytogenes Park et al, 2007) are sensed by NOD1. NOD2 has also been implicated in sensing intracellular pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes (Kobayashi et al, 2005), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Opitz et al, 2004), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Ferwerda et al, 2005).…”