A mass-balance study on chloride fluxes in a large central European catchment during 1900–2010

Kopáček, Jiřı́; Hejzlar, Josef; Porcal, Petr; Posch, Maximilian

doi:10.1007/s10533-014-0002-2

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…They had similar chloride inputs as our watersheds (23 to 64 kg ha −1 yr −1 ) during the 1950s to 1980s, which then decreased to about 14 kg ha −1 yr −1 during 1990 to 2010. Output stream water chloride fluxes estimated by Kopáček et al (2014) peaked at about 50 kg ha −1 yr −1 , less than our average riverine fluxes (Table 1) and substantially below our maximum flux of 117 kg ha −1 yr −1 in 2002 for the Embarras watershed. Kopáček et al (2014) discussed that chloride retention occurred during the time period where fertilizer inputs of chloride were increasing, followed by release when fertilizer inputs decreased greatly.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…Kopáček et al (2014) is the only study that we are aware of that evaluated chloride fluxes in a watershed with large and documented agricultural fertilizer inputs of chloride. In addition, their watershed had substantial tile drainage that increased from 4 to 43% in the agricultural portion of the watershed between 1960 and 1990.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Böhlke (2002) termed chloride from potash an agricultural contaminant to groundwater, although there are no published papers documenting drinking water problems from this source. A recent study conducted a mass balance of chloride on a large watershed in the Czech Republic evaluating changes in agricultural fertilizer inputs, road salt, and land use change on chloride (Kopáček et al, 2014). They observed major changes in inputs and outputs in response to changes in fertilizer inputs and land drainage and observed retention that was attributed to both chloride immobilization as organic chlorine as well as changes in Cl storage in ground water (Kopáček et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Chloride Sources and Losses in Two Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chloride is a relatively unreactive plant nutrient that has long been used as a biogeochemical tracer but also can be a pollutant causing aquatic biology impacts when concentrations are high, typically from rock salt applications used for deicing roads. Chloride inputs to watersheds are most often from atmospheric deposition, road salt, or agricultural fertilizer, although studies on agricultural watersheds with large fertilizer inputs are few. We used long-term (21 and 17 yr) chloride water quality data in two rivers of east-central Illinois to better understand chloride biogeochemistry in two agricultural watersheds (Embarras and Kaskaskia), the former with a larger urban land use and both with extensive tile drainage. During our sampling period, the average chloride concentration was 23.7 and 20.9 mg L −1 in the Embarras and Kaskaskia Rivers, respectively. Annual fluxes of chloride were 72.5 and 61.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 in the Embarras and Kaskaskia watersheds, respectively. In both watersheds, fertilizer chloride was the dominant input (~49 kg ha −1 yr −1 ), with road salt likely the other major source (23.2 and 7.2 kg ha −1 yr −1 for the Embarras and Kaskaskia watersheds, respectively). Combining our monitoring data with earlier published data on the Embarras River showed an increase in chloride concentrations as potash use increased in Illinois during the 1960s and 1970s with a lag of about 2 to 6 yr to changes in potash inputs based on a multiple-regression model. In these agricultural watersheds, riverine chloride responds relatively quickly to potash fertilization as a result of tile-drainage.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Chloride Sources and Losses in Two Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Wiegert et al, 2013) but not for bulk soil. Soil processes including dechlorination have been suggested to explain Cl imbalances observed in catchment studies (Kopáček et al, 2014;Svensson et al, 2012). The results of Paper III further indicate that additional sugars, water, and ammonium nitrate had no strong direct effects on specific dechlorination rates.…”

Section: Chlorination and Dechlorination: The Influence Of Environmenmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The major export of Cl from the soil pool is by the leaching of Cl -to lakes, streams, groundwater, and deeper soil layers (Kopáček et al, 2014). The movement of Cl -within the soil is determined by water fluxes (Tisdale et al, 1985) and is regulated mainly by factors such as precipitation and evapotranspiration (i.e.…”

Section: Input and Export From Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine Cycling in Terrestrial Environments

Montelius¹

2016

Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chlorinated organic compounds (Clorg) are produced naturally in soil. Formation and degradation of Clorg affect the chlorine (Cl) cycling in terrestrial environments and chlorine can be retained or released from soil. Cl is known to have the same behaviour as radioactive chlorine-36 ( 36 Cl), a long-lived radioisotope with a half-life of 300,000 years. 36Cl attracts interest because of its presence in radioactive waste, making 36 Cl a potential risk for humans and animals due to possible biological uptake. This thesis studies the distribution and cycling of chloride (Cl -) and Clorg in terrestrial environments by using laboratory controlled soil incubation studies and a forest field study. The results show higher amounts of Cl -and Clorg and higher chlorination rates in coniferous forest soils than in pasture and agricultural soils. Tree species is the most important factor regulating Cl -and Clorg levels, whereas geographical location, atmospheric deposition, and soil type are less important. The root zone was the most active site of the chlorination process. Moreover, this thesis confirms that bulk Clorg dechlorination rates are similar to, or higher than, chlorination rates and that there are at least two major Clorg pools, one being dechlorinated quickly and one remarkably slower. While chlorination rates were negatively influenced by nitrogen additions, dechlorination rates, seem unaffected by nitrogen. The results implicate that Cl cycling is highly active in soils and Cl -and Clorg levels result from a dynamic equilibrium between chlorination and dechlorination. Influence of tree species and the rapid and slow cycling of some Cl pools, are critical to consider in studies of Cl in terrestrial environments. This information can be used to better understand Cl in risk-assessment modelling including inorganic and organic 36 Cl.Keywords: chloride, organic chlorine, chlorination, dechlorination, 36Cl, risk assessment modelling SammanfattningKlorerade organiska föreningar (Clorg) bildas naturligt i mark och påverkar klorets kretslopp genom att de stannar kvar längre i marken. Detta stabila klor anses ha samma egenskaper som klor-36, som är en långlivad radioisotop med en halveringstid på 300 000 år. Klor-36 förekommer i olika typer av radioaktivt avfall och om klor-36 sprids i naturen finns det en potentiell risk för människor och djur genom biologiskt upptag. Syftet i denna avhandling är att öka kunskapen om fördelningen och cirkulationen av klorid (Cl -) och Clorg i terrestra miljöer med hjälp av studier i laboratoriemiljö samt en fältstudie i skogsmiljö. Resultaten visar att bildningshastigheten av Clorg är högst i barrskogsjord och rotzonen tycks vara en aktiv plats. Det finns också en större mängd Cl -och Clorg i barrskogsjordar än i betesmark och jordbruksmark. Den mest betydande faktorn som styr halterna av Cl -och Clorg är trädsort, medan geografiskt läge, atmosfäriskt nedfall, och jordmån är av mindre betydelse. Bildning och nedbrytning av Clorg sker med liknande hastigheter, men det tycks fin...

show abstract

Chloride source delineation in an urban‐agricultural watershed: Deicing agents versus agricultural contributions

Oberhelman

Peterson

2020

Hydrological Processes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Analyses (n = 525) of chloride (Cl−), bromide (Br−), nitrate as nitrogen (NO3‐N), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) in stream water, tile‐drain water and groundwater were conducted in an urban‐agricultural watershed (10% urban/impervious, 87% agriculture) to explore potential differences in the signature of Cl− originating from an urban source as compared with an agricultural source. Only during winter recharge events did measured Cl− concentrations exceed the 230 mg/L chronic threshold. At base flow, nearly all surface water and tile water samples had Cl− concentrations above the calculated background threshold of 18 mg/L. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed ratios of Cl− to Br− (p = .045), to NO3‐N (p < .0001), to Ca2+ (p < .0001), and to Na+ (p < .0001) to be significantly different between urban and agricultural waters. While Cl− ratios indicate that road salt was the dominant source of Cl− in the watershed, potassium chloride fertilizer contributed as an important secondary source. Deicing in watersheds where urban land use is minimal had a profound impact on Cl− dynamics; however, agricultural practices contributed Cl− year‐round, elevating stream base flow Cl− concentrations above the background level.

show abstract

A mass-balance study on chloride fluxes in a large central European catchment during 1900–2010

Cited by 16 publications

References 42 publications

Chloride Sources and Losses in Two Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds

Chloride Sources and Losses in Two Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds

Chlorine Cycling in Terrestrial Environments

Chloride source delineation in an urban‐agricultural watershed: Deicing agents versus agricultural contributions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About