A mass-spring model hypothesis of the genesis of the physiological third heart sound.

Longhini, C; Aggio, Silvio; Baracca, Enrico; Mele, Donato; Fersini, C; Aubert, André

doi:10.1536/ihj.30.265

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These sounds have their maxima in the frequency range 80-120 Hz, whereas this study shows that the main frequency content of the third heart sound is in the range of 10-100 Hz. This finding is consistent with other studies that found the main third heart sound frequency content to be below 60 Hz (EWING et al, 1984;LONGHINI et al, 1988;AGGIO et al, 1990;GLOVER et al, 1992;MANSON et al, 1995;EL-ASIR et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Several investigators (FLEMMING, 1969;GAMAL and SMITH, 1970;EWING et al, 1984;WERF et al, 1984a;LONGHINI et al, 1988;GLOVER et al, 1992;KONO et al, 1993) have studied the mechanisms behind the third heart sound, it is found in healthy children and has also been linked to left-ventricular heart failure (ABDULLA, 1981), which reflects its use as a potential diagnostic tool. The most accepted theory of the origin of the third heart sound is that it is generated by the ventricular filling at a moment when ventricular distensibility reaches a limit.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most accepted theory of the origin of the third heart sound is that it is generated by the ventricular filling at a moment when ventricular distensibility reaches a limit. This causes an abrupt deceleration of the blood flow over the mitral valve (OZAWA et al, 1983a;EWING et al, 1984;WERF et al, 1984b;LONGHINI et al, 1988;GLOVER et al, 1992;KONO et al, 1993). The third heart sound has been used in a large clinical trial for diagnosing patients with heart failure (AIRE, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of the third heart sound using a tailored wavelet approach

Hult

Fjallbrant

Wranne

et al. 2004

Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.

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The third heart sound is normally heard during auscultation of younger individuals but disappears with increasing age. However, this sound can appear in patients with heart failure and is thus of potential diagnostic use in these patients. Auscultation of the heart involves a high degree of subjectivity. Furthermore, the third heart sound has low amplitude and a low-frequency content compared with the first and second heart sounds, which makes it difficult for the human ear to detect this sound. It is our belief that it would be of great help to the physician to receive computer-based support through an intelligent stethoscope, to determine whether a third heart sound is present or not. A precise, accurate and low-cost instrument of this kind would potentially provide objective means for the detection of early heart failure, and could even be used in primary health care. In the first step, phonocardiograms from ten children, all known to have a third heart sound, were analysed, to provide knowledge about the sound features without interference from pathological sounds. Using this knowledge, a tailored wavelet analysis procedure was developed to identify the third heart sound automatically, a technique that was shown to be superior to Fourier transform techniques. In the second step, the method was applied to phonocardiograms from heart patients known to have heart failure. The features of the third heart sound in children and of that in patients were shown to be similar. This resulted in a method for the automatic detection of third heart sounds. The method was able to detect third heart sounds effectively (90%), with a low false detection rate (3.7%), which supports its clinical use. The detection rate was almost equal in both the children and patient groups. The method is therefore capable of detecting, not only distinct and clearly visible/audible third heart sounds found in children, but also third heart sounds in phonocardiograms from patients suffering from heart failure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of the third heart sound using a tailored wavelet approach

Hult

Fjallbrant

Wranne

et al. 2004

Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.

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“…The rapid filling phase begins when the mitral valves open and blood enters the ventricle. The third heart sound emanates from vibrations in the left ventriculax wall that occur when the rapid inflow is suddenly retarded, causing the ventricular walls to vibrate (BOYER, 1942;AREVALO et al, 1964;SAKAMOTO et al, 1976;OZAWA et al, 1983;ISHIMITSU et al, 1985;LONGHINI et at., 1989;DOWNES et at., 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the third heart sound using a tailored wavelet approach: Method verification

Hult

Fjallbrant

Hildén

et al. 2005

Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.

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Heart sounds can be considered as mechanical fingerprints of myocardial function. The third heart sound normally occurs in children but disappears with maturation. The sound can also appear in patients with heart failure. The sound is characterised by its low-amplitude and low-frequency content, which makes it difficult to identify by the traditional use of the stethoscope. A wavelet-based method has recently been developed for detection of the third heart sound. This study investigated if the third heart sound could be identified in patients with heart failure using this detection method. The method was also compared with auscultation using conventional phonocardiography and with characterisation of the patients with echocardiography. In the first study, 87% of the third heart sounds were detected using the wavelet method, 12% were missed, and 6% were false positive. In study 2, the wavelet-detection method identified 87% of the patients using the third heart sound, and regular phonocardiography identified two (25%) of the subjects.

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