1994
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199407213310304
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A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply

Abstract: This massive outbreak of watery diarrhea was caused by cryptosporidium oocysts that passed through the filtration system of one of the city's water-treatment plants. Water-quality standards and the testing of patients for cryptosporidium were not adequate to detect this outbreak.

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Cited by 1,754 publications
(886 citation statements)
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“…nated water supplies most notably in 1993 when a waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin infected over 400,000 people (Mac Kenzie, 1994). Most human infections are thought to be caused by C. parvum or C. hominis although other Cryptosporidium species are reported to cause human infection, particularly in immunocompromised individuals (Flynn, 2003;Caccio, 2002).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…nated water supplies most notably in 1993 when a waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin infected over 400,000 people (Mac Kenzie, 1994). Most human infections are thought to be caused by C. parvum or C. hominis although other Cryptosporidium species are reported to cause human infection, particularly in immunocompromised individuals (Flynn, 2003;Caccio, 2002).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, in the absence of major outbreaks during the period evaluated, our data were inconclusive. Surveillance of laboratory test orders (i.e., ova and parasite procedure orders) would be useful as an early warning of a water-supply contamination crises, such as that experienced by Milwaukee in 1993 when cryptosporidium contaminated the city water supply and caused >403,000 illnesses ( 16 ). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ainsi, l'épidémie à Cryptosporidium qui a affecté près du tiers de la population de la ville de Milwaukee aux États-Unis, est maintenant passée dans l'histoire comme la plus grande épidémie d'origine hydrique recensée. Au mois de mars 1993, plus de 400 000 personnes étaient affectées de malaises gastrointestinaux dans cette ville suite à ce que l'on croit maintenant être une défaillance du traitement de filtration et de désinfection en présence d'une eau fortement turbide (MACKENZIE, 1994). Les stratégies de contrôle ne semblent donc pas avoir été à la hauteur et en particulier l'absence des classiques indicateurs de contamination fécale dans l'eau traitée montre bien leur incapacité à pré-voir ta présence d'agents infectieux en émergence tels les parasites.…”
Section: Maladies Infectieuses D'origine Hydrique : Le Problèmeunclassified