A matching law analysis of the effect of amphetamine on responding reinforced by the opportunity to run

Belke, Terry W.; Neubauer, Jason

doi:10.1007/bf03395240

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…As a result of these higher rates of running, it may be less likely that psychomotor stimulants increase running under these constrained conditions. Consistent with this interpretation, Belke and Neubauer (1997) did not observe increases in contingent running in a similar paradigm at doses of amphetamine that had been reported to increase running under continuous-access conditions (Glavin, Pare, Vincent, & Tsuda, 1981;Jakubczak & Gomer, 1973;Tainter, 1943). As was the case for operant responding, however, the lack of an effect on running at the session level may obscure effects that may be occurring either within the session across reinforcers or, perhaps, even within the reinforcement duration itself.…”

Section: Ratsupporting

confidence: 61%

Effects of Cocaine on Fixed‐interval Responding Reinforced by the Opportunity to Run

Belke

Dunbar

2001

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Rate-dependent drug effects have been observed for operant responding maintained by food, water, heat, light onset, electrical brain stimulation, shock-stimulus termination, and shock presentation. The present study sought to determine if the effects of cocaine on lever pressing maintained by the opportunity to run could also be described as rate dependent. Seven male Wistar rats were trained to respond on levers for the opportunity to run in a wheel. The schedule of reinforcement was fixed-interval 60 s, and the reinforcing consequence was the opportunity to run for 60 s. On this schedule, overall rates of responding were low, usually below six presses per minute, and pauses frequently exceeded the 60-s interval. Despite these differences, an overall scalloped pattern of lever pressing was evident for each rat. Doses of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg cocaine were administered 10 min prior to a session. Only at the 16 mg/kg dose did the responding of the majority of rats change in a manner suggestive of a rate-dependent drug effect. Specifically, lower response rates at the beginning of the intervals increased and higher rates at the end of the intervals decreased, as indicated by the fact that slopes from the regression of drug rates on control rates decreased. These data provide tentative support for the generalization of rate-dependent effects to operant responding maintained by wheel running. Differences in the baseline performance maintained by wheel running compared to those for food and water point to the need for further experimentation before this effect can be firmly established.

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Section: Ratsupporting

confidence: 61%

Effects of Cocaine on Fixed‐interval Responding Reinforced by the Opportunity to Run

Belke

Dunbar

2001

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…The b parameter represents bias, or the animal's tendency to choose one response manipulandum or reinforcer alternative over the other, independent of the reinforcement value of the two choices. Several studies have successfully used the matching paradigm to investigate sensitivity to reinforcement during drug exposure (e.g., Egli, Schaal, Thompson, & Clearly, 1992;Martinetti, Andrzejewski, Hineline, & Lewis, 2000), or when the reinforcer choice consisted of two pharmacological agents or a pharmacological agent and food (Anderson & Woolverton, 2000;Belke & Neubauer, 1997;McMillan & Hardwick, 2000;McMillan, Li, & Snodgrass, 1998;Woolverton & Alling, 1999). The model has great potential for examining the role of dopamine D 1 -like and D 2 -like receptors in choice responding and reward.…”

Section: The Matching Law As a Model For Examining D 1 -Like And D 2 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All injections were given subcutaneously under the loose skin of the neck of the rat. Doses were identical to doses used in similar studies of discrimination and exploratory behavior (Belke & Neubauer, 1997;Eilam et al, 1992;Gao & Cutler, 1993;Katz & Witkin, 1992;Szechtman et al, 1998;Wachtel et al, 1992).…”

Section: Drugs/injection Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN REINFORCEMENT: CHANGES IN REINFORCEMENT SENSITIVITY INDUCED BY D₁-TYPE, D₂-TYPE, AND NONSELECTIVE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS

Bratcher

Farmer-Dougan

Dougan

et al. 2005

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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Dose-dependent changes in sensitivity to reinforcement were found when rats were treated with low, moderate, and high doses of the partial dopamine D1-type receptor agonist SKF38393 and with the nonselective dopamine agonist apomorphine, but did not change when rats were treated with similar doses of the selective dopamine D2-type receptor agonist quinpirole. Estimates of bias did not differ significantly across exposure to SKF38393 or quinpirole, but did change significantly at the high dose of apomorphine. Estimates of goodness of fit (r2) did not change significantly during quinpirole exposure. Poor goodness of fit was obtained for the high doses of SKF38393 and apomorphine. Decrements in absolute rates of responding were observed at the high dose of quinpirole and at the moderate and high doses of SKF38393 and apomorphine. Changes in r2 and absolute responding may be due to increases in stereotyped behavior during SKF38393 and apomorphine exposure that, in contrast to quinpirole, were distant from the response lever. The present data provide evidence that sensitivity to reward is affected more strongly by dopamine D1-like receptors rather than D2-like receptors, consistent with evidence from other studies investigating consummatory dopamine behavior and the tonic/phasic dopamine hypothesis.

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Herrnstein??s hyperbolic matching equation and behavioral pharmacology: review and critique

Dallery

Soto

2004

Behavioural Pharmacology

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Behavioral pharmacologists have enlisted Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbolic matching equation to understand the behavioral effects of drugs. Herrnstein's hyperbola describes the relation between absolute response rate and reinforcement rate. The equation has two fitted parameters. The parameter k represents the asymptotic response rate, and the parameter r(e) represents the reinforcement rate necessary to obtain half the asymptotic response rate. According to one interpretation of the equation, changes in k should reflect changes in response or motoric variables, and changes in r(e) should reflect changes in reinforcer or motivational variables, or changes in reinforcement from sources extraneous to the instrumental response. We review research that has applied Herrnstein's equation to distinguish the motoric from the motivational effects of drugs, and to identify additional independent variables responsible for drug effects, such as extraneous reinforcement. The validity of inferences about drug effects depends on the consistency of how k and r(e) respond to environmental manipulations: k should change only with response or motoric variables, and r(e) should change with reinforcer or motivational variables and with the rate of extraneous reinforcement. Empirical tests of these predictions, however, have produced inconsistent results. The review suggests that Herrnstein's theory has not fulfilled its promise of identifying the behavioral mechanisms of drug action. Modifications to the equation, known as bias and sensitivity, may explain some of these inconsistent results, and the modified equation may have utility in behavioral pharmacology.

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A matching law analysis of the effect of amphetamine on responding reinforced by the opportunity to run

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of Cocaine on Fixed‐interval Responding Reinforced by the Opportunity to Run

Effects of Cocaine on Fixed‐interval Responding Reinforced by the Opportunity to Run

THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN REINFORCEMENT: CHANGES IN REINFORCEMENT SENSITIVITY INDUCED BY D₁-TYPE, D₂-TYPE, AND NONSELECTIVE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS

Herrnstein??s hyperbolic matching equation and behavioral pharmacology: review and critique

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A matching law analysis of the effect of amphetamine on responding reinforced by the opportunity to run

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of Cocaine on Fixed‐interval Responding Reinforced by the Opportunity to Run

Effects of Cocaine on Fixed‐interval Responding Reinforced by the Opportunity to Run

THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN REINFORCEMENT: CHANGES IN REINFORCEMENT SENSITIVITY INDUCED BY D1-TYPE, D2-TYPE, AND NONSELECTIVE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS

Herrnstein??s hyperbolic matching equation and behavioral pharmacology: review and critique

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THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN REINFORCEMENT: CHANGES IN REINFORCEMENT SENSITIVITY INDUCED BY D₁-TYPE, D₂-TYPE, AND NONSELECTIVE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS