“…Various studies have implicated emotional stimuli, like early life trauma ( Gapp et al, 2014 ; Gapp et al, 2020 ), stress ( Rodgers et al, 2015 ), depression ( Wang et al, 2021 ), and fear memory ( Dias and Ressler, 2014 ), are a potential trigger for phenotypic variations in future generations. In addition, changes in parental nutritional status, such as high fat diet ( Chen et al, 2016 ), overnutrition or malnutrition ( Guillaumin and Peleg-Raibstein, 2023 ), and high fructose diet ( Zou et al, 2023 ), could induce obesity, metabolic disorders ( Zhang et al, 2018 ), and memory disruptions ( Smaga et al, 2023 ) in the offspring. Parental exposure to toxins, like lipopolysaccharide ( Zhang et al, 2021 ; Carbone et al, 2023 ) and chemicals ( Nilsson et al, 2020 ; Thorson et al, 2021 ), could elicit behavioral alterations and deleterious outcomes in the offspring.…”