A mathematical approach for the analysis of data obtained from the monitoring of biocides leached from treated materials exposed to outdoor conditions

Uhlig, Steffen; Colson, Bertrand; Schoknecht, Ute

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.102

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Substances below LOD might have been part of used renders or paints and may have been washed out or were not detected due to low concentrations. Biocides might still be present in deeper layers of the facade while being degraded on the surface (Uhlig et al, 2019). Although all houses were built at the same time, buildings show different color shades and sizes of protruding parts.…”

Section: Facadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This demonstrates the need to further understand sources, transformation, and pathways of these biocides applied on facades based on substance behavior. Various laboratory studies on the leaching of film preservatives of facades exist (Jungnickel et al, 2008;Schoknecht et al, 2009Schoknecht et al, , 2013Wangler et al, 2012;Bergek et al, 2014;Styszko et al, 2015;Urbanczyk et al, 2016), complemented by experimental studies under natural weather conditions (Burkhardt et al, 2012;Schoknecht et al, 2016;Bollmann et al, 2017a;Vega-Garcia et al, 2020). Release of biocides from facades is controlled by temperature, time between rain events, their extent, wind, UV exposure, biocide characteristics, and properties of paint and renders used (Paijens et al, 2019), as well as architectural design and geometry (Burkhardt et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources and pathways of biocides and their transformation products in urban storm water infrastructure of a 2 ha urban district

Linke

Olsson

Preusser

et al. 2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Biocides used in film protection products leaching from facades are known to be a potential threat to the environment. This study identifies individual sources and entry pathways in a small-scale urban area. We investigate emissions of commonly used biocides (terbutryn, diuron, and octylisothiazolinone – OIT) and some of their transformation products (TPs; diuron-desmethyl, terbumeton, terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy, and terbutryn-desethyl) from a 2 ha residential area 13 years after construction has ended. Sampling utilizes existing urban water infrastructure representative for decentralized storm water management in central and northern Europe and applies a two-step approach to (a) determine the occurrence of biocides above water quality limits (i.e., predicted no-effect concentration, PNEC) and (b) identify source areas and characterize entry pathways into surface and groundwater. Monitoring focuses on the analysis of selected biocides and TPs by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in water samples taken from facades, rainwater pipes, drainage, and storm water infiltration systems. In standing water in a swale, we found high concentrations of diuron (174 ng L−1) and terbutryn (40 ng L−1) above PNEC for surface water. We confirmed expected sources, i.e., facades. Sampling of rain downpipes from flat roofs identified additional sources of all biocides and two TPs of terbutryn and one TP of diuron. Diuron and terbutryn were found in three drainage pipes representing different entry pathways of biocides. In one drainage pipe collecting road runoff, only diuron-desmethyl and terbutryn-desethyl were detected. In two other drainage pipes collecting infiltrated water through soil, terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy was additionally detected. One of the pipes collecting infiltrated water through soil concentration showed the highest concentrations of terbutryn and two of its TPs (terbutryn-desethyl and terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy). This suggests a high leaching potential of terbutryn. The applied two-step approach determined sources and pathways of biocide and their TPs. This study contributes to expanding knowledge on their entry and distribution and, thus, eventually towards reducing emissions.

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Section: Facadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and pathways of biocides and their transformation products in urban storm water infrastructure of a 2 ha urban district

Linke

Olsson

Preusser

et al. 2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…According to Uhlig et al (2019) the leaching of biocides follows 5 steps: (i) transport of the absorbed water within the coating, (ii) desorption of the biocide from the material and dissolution in water, (iii) transport of the biocide through the material, (iv) degradation of the biocide via photolysis and hydrolysis and (v) transfer of the biocide to water on the material surface. At the render-water interface, a partitioning equilibrium is established between the material and the water.…”

Section: Key Parameters Influencing Leaching Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, two cases were distinguished: (i) biocide diffusion was the slowest mechanism and thus biocide emissions were proportional to the square root of water exposure time or (ii) transfer to water was the slowest mechanism and thus emissions were proportional to water exposure time. From these observations, Uhlig et al (2019) proposed a mathematical approach in order to determine the mechanism controlling leaching at a given moment from experimental data (treated materials exposed to natural weather conditions). Desorption, diffusion and degradation processes were different for the three studied biocides (diuron, terbutryn and OIT), which led to different emission curves.…”

Section: Modelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment

Paijens

Bressy

Frère

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings; (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters; and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers, and reports several solutions to address these issues.

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“…This observation indicates that transformation of substances can impact leaching processes. In addition, the course of the emissions was not only dependent on the amount of runoff, but included periods of delayed and accelerated leaching, which continued when the experiments were extended to four years [ 18 ]. Repeated tests at different sites and time periods resulted in different emission behaviors for the individual experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints

Schoknecht

Mathies

2022

Materials

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Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments.

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A mathematical approach for the analysis of data obtained from the monitoring of biocides leached from treated materials exposed to outdoor conditions

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Sources and pathways of biocides and their transformation products in urban storm water infrastructure of a 2 ha urban district

Sources and pathways of biocides and their transformation products in urban storm water infrastructure of a 2 ha urban district

Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment

The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints

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