A mathematical model for the distribution of heat through pavement layers in Makkah roads

Alawi, Mohammad H.; Helal, Medhat M.

doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2012.11.001

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…More studies on the air pollutants in Saudi Arabia are available, but still less than in many other countries. The studies in Makkah were focused on the central area of the city close to the Grand mosque, the holy rites places such as Mina and Arafat, the tunnels of the city . These studies showed that the air pollution concentrations in the atmosphere are exceeding the standards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The studies in Makkah were focused on the central area of the city close to the Grand mosque, the holy rites places such as Mina and Arafat, the tunnels of the city. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] These studies showed that the air pollution concentrations in the atmosphere are exceeding the standards. The pollution can be attributed to the traffic emissions especially during the high seasons such as Ramadan and pilgrimage seasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

2017

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Makkah city, Saudi Arabia, represents the most attractive place for religious tourism for Muslims all over the world. More than 15 million visitors come to the city per year, especially during Hajj (pilgrimage) and Ramadan seasons. Due to the lack of air quality assessment data for Makkah, measurement of different pollutants in Makkah is of great interest. In the present work, airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) has been collected from two different sites in the city, namely the Grand mosque and Al‐Shraie, from December 2012 to January 2014 covering the different seasons of the year. The average mass concentrations at the sites are comparable, 48 ± 28 µg/m3 and 53 ± 27 µg/m3 for the Grand mosque and Al‐Shraie sites, respectively. For quantitative elemental analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry was used. Twenty elements (Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb) were quantified in the PM2.5 samples. Fortunately, the obtained results of Pb and S are below the maximum allowance level of European commission for air quality. However, the average concentration of Ni in both sites is close to the maximum allowance level 20 ng/m3 and the Ni concentration reaches 25 ng/m3 at Grand mosque site during August 2013. Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, four source factors were found, some signalling mixed sources, showing the main influence from mineral dust, anthropogenic/industrial sources and a marine source. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

2017

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“…It requires supporting and distributing the stresses as well as minimizing permanent deformations on it. In general terms, the structure is formed by the main pavement layer, the base, and the sub-base, which are built on a prepared subgrade surface [1,2]. In addition, the pavement structure can be constructed using reinforced concrete or simply asphalt emulsion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well-documented in the literature that granular soils are the most common materials used for the construction of bases for pavements [2]. These soils can be mixed with lime, asphalt, or other chemical products to increase its strength and reduce deformations [2]. Then, granular compacted soil layers are stiff, with large hydraulic conductivity, and show low deformations when subjected to cyclic loading [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CBR Predictive Models for Granular Bases Using Physical and Structural Properties

et al. 2020

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The California bearing ratio (CBR) test evaluates the structure of the layers of pavements. Such a test is laborious, time-consuming, and its results are generally affected by sample disturbance and tests conditions. The main objective of this research was to build a numerical model for the prediction of CBR tests that might substitute laboratory tests. The model was based on structural and physical parameters of granular bases. Four different materials from the central region (Querétaro) and north (Mexicali) of Mexico were used for the experimental work. Using the above-mentioned materials, 36 samples were fabricated, and six of them were used for the evaluation of the model presented in this research. Numerical and experimental comparisons demonstrated the adequacy of the model to predict the result of CBR tests from soil parameters.

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Thermal Cracks in Concrete Structure—The Basic Issues to Be Understood

Nguyen

Bui

Hoang

2021

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

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A mathematical model for the distribution of heat through pavement layers in Makkah roads

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

CBR Predictive Models for Granular Bases Using Physical and Structural Properties

Thermal Cracks in Concrete Structure—The Basic Issues to Be Understood

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A mathematical model for the distribution of heat through pavement layers in Makkah roads

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Identification of elemental composition of PM2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Identification of elemental composition of PM2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

CBR Predictive Models for Granular Bases Using Physical and Structural Properties

Thermal Cracks in Concrete Structure—The Basic Issues to Be Understood

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Product

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Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF